Oil in the Sea III Inputs, Fates, and Effects (2003) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E: Inputs of Petroleum Hydrocarbons into the Ocean Due to Transportation Activities
Appendix E: Inputs of Petroleum Hydrocarbons into the Ocean Due to Transportation Activities
Pages 203-218
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From page 203... ...
INPUTS TO THE SEA FROM MARITIME TRANSPORTATION Operational Discharges in International Waters Oil inputs into the sea from marine sources are naturally correlated to the number and types of vessels in operation in the marine environment. The number of tankers is significant because tankers are permitted discharges related to both cargo and propulsion machinery.
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From page 204... ...
Generally, crude oil carriers of 20,000 deadweight and above and product tankers of 30,000 tonnes deadweight and above delivered since 1983 must have SBT. Segregated ballast tanks are ballast tanks that are completely separated from the cargo oil and fuel oil systems, and which are permanently allocated to the carriage of water ballast.
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From page 205... ...
Assuming an outflow factor of 1/200,000 as described above, the projected operational discharge in tonnes per year is as follows. Non-SBT Crude Oil Carriers: 1,000,800,000/ 200,000 = 5,004 tonnes Product Tankers For 1999, the Lloyd's Register data show a total of 5,269 product tankers with an average deadweight of 8,256 tonnes.
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From page 206... ...
Non-SBT Product Tankers: 382,700,000 / 200,000 = 1,914 tonnes Assuming 0.02 percent of the cargo oil remains onboard after offloading cargo, the average amount of oil remaining charged with water have sufficient water for tank washing without introduction of additional water into the system, and that the full contents of the slop tanks are discharged at 15 ppm oil content, the projected operational oil discharge per voyage is about 4.5 liters. This corresponds to an outflow factor less than 1/2,000,000.
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From page 207... ...
The 1990 International Maritime Organization report estimated the average production of bilge oil at 12 gallons per day for a 20,000 HP plant. Advancements in the design and manufacture of engines and pumps, fitting of coamings around pumps and other sources of oil on new vessels, locating of the purifiers into separate spaces, and other design improvements have brought about a TABLE E-6 Calculation of Operational Cargo Oil Discharge from Tankers Assuming Full Compliance with MARPOL 73/78 Crude Oil Carriers DH or SBT Crude Oil Carriers without SBT Product Tankers DH or SBT Product Tankers without SBT No.
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From page 208... ...
On crude oil tankers, oily bilge water is routinely transferred to the cargo slops system, which includes an oily water separator system where most of the oil is settled out and returned for use on the tanker. Periodically the water collected through this system must be discharged overboard through an oil discharge monitoring system set to alarm and shut down at 15 ppm.
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From page 209... ...
There are over 1,000 such facilities in the United States alone. It is widely acknowledged that such facilities are not used to the fullest extent due to a variety of reasons TABLE E-9 Bilge Oil Discharge from Tankers Greater Than 100 GT Worldwide Crude Oil Product Dry Bulk/ Carriers Tankers Oil Carriers MARPOL Compliant No.
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From page 210... ...
TABLE E-ll Fuel Oil Sludge Discharge Worldwide Oily Ballast from Fuel Tanks Discharges of oily ballast from fuel tanks are considered to be negligible. Placing seawater in fuel tanks as ballast water introduces contaminants into those tanks, increasing engine maintenance and the risk of malfunction.
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From page 211... ...
Fuel Oil and Bilge Oil Inputs in North American Waters Bilge oil discharges into U.S. marine waters for vessels greater than 100 GT in size are summarized in Table E-13.
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From page 212... ...
Summary of Fuel Oil and Bilge Oil Inputs (for Vessels greater than or equal to 100 GT) Estimated operational discharges for both North American waters and international waters are summarized in Tables 2-2 through 2-6.
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From page 213... ...
MARPOL Compliant Total Bilge Oil Generation (tonnes/year) Percent assumed MARPOL Compliant Discharge as a Percent of Bilge Oil Generated Bilge Oil Discharge (tonnes/year)
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From page 214... ...
Smaller spills are frequently not included, and reporting is sometimes compromised for political and logistical reasons. Recognizing the TABLE E-17 Summary of Oil Input from Accidental Spills (for Vessels in U.S.
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From page 215... ...
Tank Other % of Tankers Barges Vessels Totals Total Crude oil 16,525 1,184 162 17,872 36% Gasoline 187 1,459 50 1,697 3% Light distillate 545 5,466 6,247 12,259 25% Heavy distillate 2,340 12,556 2,651 17,546 36% TOTALS 19,597 20,665 9,110 49,373 (Percent of total) 40 42 18 incompleteness of the data and the fact that the smaller spills, under 10,000 gallons (34 tonnes)
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From page 216... ...
(gallons) NORTH AMERICAN WATERS Tank Vessels 5,300 Other Vessels 1,200 Total North American Waters 6,500 INTERNATIONAL WATERS Tank Vessels Other Vessels Total International Waters WORLDWIDE Tank Vessels Other Vessels Total Worldwide 5,000 1,100 6,100 96,580 5,897 100,000 100,000 7,100 110,000 87,800 5,361 93,000 93,000 6,500 100,000 6,400 1,400 7,700 120,725 7,372 130,000 130,000 8,800 140,000 1,400,000 300,000 1,700,000 28,394,621 1,733,823 30,000,000 30,000,000 2,000,000 32,000,000 1,400,000 300,000 1,700,000 25,813,292 1,576,203 27,000,000 27,000,000 1,900,000 29,000,000 1,700,000 400,000 2,100,000 35,493,276 2,167,279 38,000,000 37,000,000 2,600,000 40,000,000 NOTE: All totals rounded to two significant figures.
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From page 217... ...
The sum total of aircraft dumping input is then estimated at 7,500 tonnes. It is estimated that 1/5 of these releases would take place over North American territorial waters on the basis of air traffic 217 loading to and from North America, compared to the rest of the world.
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From page 218... ...
Oil in the Sea IlI: Inputs, Fates, and Effects growth forms of young trees (Getter, ~ 982; Devlin and Proffitt, 1 996~. A primary cause of death in oiled mangroves is reported to be the disruption of gas exchange when aerial roots are coated with oil and can no longer supply oxygen to root tissues below ground in hypoxic soils (Teas et al., 1 993~.
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