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Appendix H: Atmospheric Deposition and Air-Sea Exchange of Petroleum Hydrocarbons to the Ocean
Pages 223-232

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From page 223...
... In addition, the North American coastline was divided into 17 zones, each of which was further divided into zones 0-3 miles and 3-200 miles from shore (For discussion of zones used in this study, see Figure 1-7 and Table B-1) As part of this analysis, each of these zones was described as urban-influenced or rural and assigned consensus values for gas, aerosol particle, and dissolved hydrocarbon and PAH concentrations based on our review of the literature.
From page 224...
... quantified their extracts using gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector, the remainder of the most recent work relies on the resolving power of gas chromatography and the instant confirmation of mass selective detector technology (Hoff and Chan, 1987, Baker and Eisenreich, 1990; Cotham and Bidleman, 1995; Fraser et al., 1997,1998; Offenberg, 1998; Bamford et al., 1999a; Giglitotti et al., 2000~. The data set acquired from Hoff (1987)
From page 225...
... The authors note the major sources of airborne contaminants in the Denver area may be due to coal-driven electric power generation and wood burning, unlike Los Angeles, where the mean concentrations found by Fraser (1997) in southern California incorporate several alkane sources, from dense automobile traffic from major freeways to active shipping ports.
From page 226...
... Annual dry deposition velocity was assumed to be spatially invariant. Gross gas absorption deposition fluxes were calculated by dividing the estimated gas phase hydrocarbon concentrations by their respective temperature-corrected dimensionless Henry's law constants and multiplying the result by the air-sea exchange mass transfer coefficient (Equations C1C12~.
From page 227...
... In North American coastal waters, 16,000 and 5,030 metric tonnes of CIO to C33 n-alkanes are delivered from the atmosphere to the water's surface, and 1.76 million metric tonnes volatilize (See Table H-1~. It is apparent that terrestrial hydrocarbon loadings and near shore sources support dissolved hydrocarbon loadings in coastal waters that far exceed that in equilibrium with the atmosphere.
From page 228...
... 228 TABLE H-2 Calculated Net Annual Atmospheric Deposition Loadings to Each Geographic Zone, Tonnes/Year OIL IN THE SEA III Zone Area (m2) Zone Type Alkanes PAH TotalBy Zone Global Case A 8.0E+13 Case A -2,177,515 -14,253 -2,191,768 Global Case B 2.8E+14 Case B -865,923 -4,989 -870,912 A 0-3 miles 1.7E+ll R3 -41,149 38 -41,111 A 3-200 miles l.9E+12 R200 -33,709 42 -33,667 B 0-3 miles l.lE+ll R3 -27,273 25 -27,248 B 3-200 miles l.9E+12 R200 -34,028 42 -33,985 C0-3 miles 7.6E+10 R3 -18,795 17 -18,778 C3-200 miles 1.3E+12 R200 -24,137 30 -24,107 D 0-3 miles 2.4E+10 U3 -195,398 1 -195,398 D 3-200 miles 3.8E+ll U200 -97,813 45 -97,768 EO-3 miles 1.7E+10 U3 -138,365 1 -138,364 E3-200 miles 7.7E+11 U200 -197,633 90 -197,543 FO-3 miles 8.7E+O9 U3 -70,175 0 -70,175 F3-200 miles 3.6E+11 U200 -92,366 42 -92,324 G 0-3 miles 1.4E+10 U3 -110,435 1 -110,435 G 3-200 miles 2.6E+ll U200 -67,579 31 -67,548 H 0-3 miles 1.4E+10 U3 -113,761 1 -113,760 H 3-200 miles 7.8E+11 U200 -200,888 92 -200,796 IO-3 miles 4.0E+O9 R3 -1,003 1 -1,002 13-200 miles 6.1E+ll R200 -11,010 14 -10,996 JO-3 miles 3.5E+10 R3 -8,606 8 -8,599 J3-200 miles 1.2E+12 R200 -21,460 27 -21,433 KO-3 miles 2.1E+O9 U3 -16,764 0 -16,764 K3-200 miles 6.3E+10 R200 -1,155 1 -1,154 LO-3 miles 6.5E+O9 U3 -52,498 0 -52,497 L3-200 miles 3.3E+11 R200 -6,060 105 -5,955 M 0-3 miles l.OE+10 R3 -2,501 2 -2,499 M 3-200 miles 2.8E+11 R200 -5,053 6 -5,046 N 0-3 miles 2.3E+10 R3 -5,672 5 -5,667 N 3-200 miles 3.1E+ll R200 -5,711 7 -5,704 O 0-3 miles 1.2E+10 R3 -70 3 -67 O 3-200 miles 3.2E+12 R200 -58,156 72 -58,084 PO-3 miles 7.3E+10 R3 -18,123 17 -18,106 P3-200 miles 1.8E+12 R200 -31,926 40 -31,886 Q 0-3 miles 4.8E+10 R3 -11,836 11 -11,825 Q 3-200 miles l.9E+12 R200 -34,621 43 -34,578 North America Total -4,799,167 -18,383 -4,817,550
From page 229...
... assumed constant at 0.1 cm/see 31,536 m/yr C. Gross Gas Absorption C~ 1 J gas abs.- Kor C AT H (365 d/yr) Where Key = overall air-water mass transfer coefficient (m/day)
From page 230...
... ! S = Entropy of clisso~vecl-gas phase change (k;J/mo~ K)
From page 231...
... C 11 " 1.~399X1O4T 1.0011 (T=°C) C-1 2 HCH2O D. Gross Volatilization D~1 JVOL= KOL Cal 365 .326 X ~ O 4 O0~1T3 ~ ~ 4 V 0 589 Where Cal = clisso~vecl hycirocarbon concentration (ng/m 3)
From page 232...
... Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects The meiofauna and macrofauna effects (Montagna and Harper, ~ 996) were localized within 100-200 m from the platforms (Table 5-74.


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