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Appendix I: Estimating Land-Based Sources of Oil in the Sea
Pages 233-252

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From page 233... ... These estimates were made using unit loadings per urban land area. The annual loadings were calculated according to the coastal zones defined in this study, and the overall loadings for the United States and Canada were extrapolated to the world. Read the entire page →
From page 234... ... 3. An average annual load in tonne yr-i was calculated for those rivers with reported oil and grease data by using the following formula: TABLE I-1 Regions Searched for Oil and Grease and Hydrocarbon Data from STORET River Latitude Longitude Radius (ml) Read the entire page →
From page 235... ... It was assumed that oil and grease disTABLE I-3 USGS Gages Used to Calculate Average Annual Flows for Major Inland Rivers River Station name Period of record used Average annual flow (m3 you) Columbia 14246900: Columbia R at Beaver Army Terminal nr Quincy, Ore 1969, 1992-1997 220,892,000,000 Delaware 01463500: Delaware River at Trenton, NJ 1913-1997 10,441,000,000 Delaware (1990s) Read the entire page →
From page 236... ... The unit load per urban land area for coastal zone i, lad, was 12.22 g ~2 yr-i for coastal zone D, and 1.25 g nrC2 yr-i for all other coastal zones. The unit loads were set at higher values for Coastal Zone D because that is the coastal zone to which the Delaware River discharges. Read the entire page →
From page 237... ... Calculations for the Coastal Basins of Mexico Because of a lack of data regarding urban land area for metropolitan areas in Mexico, the following method was used to calculate the land-based contributions of oil and grease to coastal zones H and I: 1. Oil and grease loading from Mexico was estimated using Equation I-4 with population and per capita motor vehicle data from World Resources Institute (1998) Read the entire page →
From page 238... ... The final estimates of land-based contributions of oil and grease to the sea via all major inland river basins in the United States and Canada were then determined using the 1990s oil and grease data for the Delaware and Mississippi Rivers (Table I-8) with urban land area data from U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 239... ... (1986) PAH and hydrocarbons in the Mississippi River Eganhouse and Kaplan (1981) Read the entire page →
From page 240... ... (1999) Black Sea 0.045-2.219 1.61-100 0.00045-0.0279 TABLE I-7 Calculated Annual and Unit Loads of Oil and Grease for Major Inland Rivers in North America with STORET Data River Land Areaa (m2) Read the entire page →
From page 241... ... TABLE I-9 Final Estimates of Land-based Contributions of Oil and Grease to the Sea by Coastal Zones in North America and Mexico Urban Population in Urban Land Area in Annual Load, Unit Load per Urban Coastal Zone Description Watershed, Pi (1997) Watershed, Aui (m2) Read the entire page →
From page 242... ... 1,173.7x103 14.9xlO9 18,670 1 25 Mississippi 40,383.2x103 463.6xlO9 525,638 1.13 Rio Grande 1,410.0x103 43.8xlO9 54,982 1.25 Sabine 375.0x103 7.0xlO9 8,734 1.25 Trinity 4,683.0x103 23.6xlO9 29,572 1.25 Subtotal 59,139.9x103 642.6xlO9 752,913 Hc Coastal and inland rivers 30,159.2x103 108,189 I No urban areas 0 0 0 0 Jc Coastal and inland rivers 16,060.2x103 57,612 K Coastal 18,331.5x103 98.9xlO9 123,976 1.25 L Coastal 7,686.2x103 43.3xlO9 54,349 1 25 Sacramento 2,152.5x103 30.4xlO9 38,171 1 25 San Joaquin 2,382.3x103 46.0xlO9 57,647 1.25 Subtotal 12,221.1x103 119.7xlO9 150,168 M Coastal 5,946.3x103 54.0xlO9 67,725 1.25 Columbia 1,263.5x103 30.5xlO9 38,206 1.25 Subtotal 7,209.7x103 84.5xlO9 105,931 N Coastal 2,136.0x103 3.5xlO9 4,332 1.25 O Coastal 869.9x103 1.6xlO9 1,949 1.25 P Coastal 251.0x103 4.4xlO9 5,514 1.25 Copper 0 0 0 0 Susitna 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 251.0x103 4.4xlO9 5,514 Q Coastal 0 0 0 0 Yukon 0 0 0 0 TotalC 188,277.0x103 1,419.7xlO9 3,443,557 NOTES: aUnit loads shown are those used to calculate corresponding annual load; bSee Table I-4 for calculation of refinery loading; CTotal does not include Coastal Zones in Mexico. TABLE I-10 World Estimates of Land-based Sources of Oil and Grease to the Sea Population Motor Vehicles Number of Loading per Vehicle Region (WRI 1998) Read the entire page →
From page 243... ... Lawrence 370 4 Subtotal 498 5 D Coastal 22,314 223 Delaware 932 9 Hudson 4,029 40 James 1,409 14 Potomac 37 0 Susquehanna 515 5 Subtotal 29,236 292 E Coastal 1,502 15 Altamaha 103 1 Neuse 197 2 Roanoke 91 1 Santee 504 5 Savannah 119 1 Subtotal 2,516 25 F Coastal 797 8 Alabama-Tombigbee 373 4 Apalachicola 408 4 Subtotal 1,578 16 G Coastal 1,416 14 Gulf coast refineriesb 43 0 Brazos 271 3 Colorado (TX) 280 3 Mississippi 7,885 79 Rio Grande 825 8 Sabine 131 1 Trinity 444 4 Subtotal 11,294 113 Ha Coastal and inland rivers 1,623 16 Ia No urban areas 0 ~ J Coastal andinland rivers 864 9 K Coastal 1,860 19 L Coastal 815 8 Sacramento 573 6 San Joaquin 865 9 Subtotal 2,253 23 M Coastal 1,016 10 Columbia 573 6 Subtotal 1,589 16 N Coastal 65 1 O Coastal 29 0 P Coastal 83 1 Copper 0 0 Susitna 0 0 Subtotal 83 1 Q Coastal 0 0 Yukon 0 0 Subtotala 51,653 517 Africa 3,673 37 Europe 46,464 465 Central America 3,392 34 South America 7,047 70 Asia 25,402 254 Oceania 2,989 30 TOTAL 140,620 1,406 NOTES: aSubtotal for North America does not include Coastal Zones in Mexico; bSee Table I-4 for calculation of refinery loading. Read the entire page →
From page 244... ... Estimates of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the Mississippi River were based on the December 2000 average PAH data of Michel (2001) , the assumption that PAH constitute 0.1%-10% of total petroleum hydrocarbons, and the 1990s' measured average oil and grease concentration of 0.84 mg Let. Read the entire page →
From page 245... ... Lawrence 1.13 1.25 12.22 22,330 24,699 240,759 Subtotal 30,041 33,228 323,896 D Coastal 1.13 12.22 12.22 137,971 1,487,571 1,487,571 Delaware 12.22 12.22 12.22 62,130 62,130 62,130 Hudson 1.13 12.22 12.22 24,912 268,593 268,593 James 1.13 12.22 12.22 8,715 93,964 93,964 Potomac 1.13 1.25 12.22 2,211 2,446 23,843 Susquchanna 1.13 1.25 12.22 31,066 34,361 334,943 Subtotal 267,005 1,949,065 2,271,044 E Coastal 1.13 1.25 12.22 90,504 100,104 975,790 Altamaha 1.13 1.25 12.22 6,234 6,896 67,218 Neuse 1.13 1.25 12.22 11,874 13,133 128,021 Roanoke 1.13 1.25 12.22 5,476 6,057 59,043 Santee 1.13 1.25 12.22 30,353 33,573 327,262 Savannah 1.13 1.25 12.22 7,191 7,954 77,533 Subtotal 151,633 167,717 1,634,867 F Coastal 1.13 1.25 12.22 48,015 53,108 517,689 Alabama-Tombigbee 1.13 1.25 12.22 22,503 24,890 242,625 Apalachicola 1.13 1.25 12.22 24,613 27,223 265,366 Subtotal 95,131 105,222 1,025,680 G Coastal 1.13 1.25 12.22 85,345 94,398 920,166 Gulf coast refineries � � � 2,005 2,882 3,759 Brazos 1.13 1.25 12.22 16,309 18,039 175,838 Colorado (TX) 1.13 1.25 12.22 16,879 18,670 181,989 Mississippi 1.13 1.13 1.13 525,638 525,638 525,638 Rio Grande 1.13 1.25 12.22 49,709 54,982 535,947 Sabine 1.13 1.25 12.22 7,896 8,734 85,137 Trinity 1.13 1.25 12.22 26,736 29,572 288,257 Subtotal 730,517 752,913 2,716,731 Ha Coastal and inland rivers 52,405 108,189 383,817 I No urban areas 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ja Coastal and inland rivers 27,906 57,612 204,387 K Coastal 1.13 1.25 12.22 112,086 123,976 1,208,486 L Coastal 1.13 1.25 12.22 49,137 54,349 529,786 Sacramento 1.13 1.25 12.22 34,511 38,171 372,087 San Joaquin 1.13 1.25 12.22 52,118 57,647 561,928 Subtotal 135,767 150,168 1,463,800 M Coastal 1.13 1.25 12.22 61,230 67,725 660,166 Columbia 1.13 1.25 12.22 34,542 38,206 372,425 Subtotal 95,772 105,931 1,032,591 N Coastal 1.13 1.25 12.22 3,916 4,332 42,223 O Coastal 1.13 1.25 12.22 1,762 1,949 19,002 P Coastal 1.13 1.25 12.22 4,985 5,514 53,746 Copper 0 0 0 0 0 0 Susitna 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 4,985 5,514 53,746 Q Coastal 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yukon 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotala 1,667,983 3,443,557 12,216,509 Africa 118,619 244,889 868,779 Europe 1,500,400 3,097,582 10,989,115 Central America 109,541 226,147 802,290 South America 227,567 469,813 1,666,729 Asia 820,264 1,693,439 6,007,717 Oceania 96,511 199,247 706,856 TOTAL 4,540,885 9,374,674 33,257,994 NOTES: aSubtotal for North America does not include Coastal Zones in Mexico. Read the entire page →
From page 246... ... Lawrence 33 370 36,114 3 4 46 Subtotal 45 498 48,584 4 5 62 D Coastal 207 22,314 223,136 17 223 283 Delaware 93 932 9,320 7 9 12 Hudson 37 4,029 40,289 3 40 51 James 13 1,409 14,095 1 14 18 Potomac 3 37 3,576 0 0 5 Susquehanna 47 515 50,241 4 5 64 Subtotal 401 29,236 340,657 32 292 431 E Coastal 136 1,502 149,368 11 15 185 Altamaha 9 103 10,083 1 1 13 Neuse 18 197 19,203 1 2 24 Roanoke 8 91 8,856 1 1 11 Santee 46 504 49,089 4 5 62 Savannah 11 119 11,630 1 1 15 Subtotal 227 2,516 245,230 18 25 311 F Coastal 72 797 77,653 6 8 98 Alabama-Tombigbee 34 373 36,394 3 4 46 Apalachicola 37 408 39,805 3 4 50 Subtotal 143 1,578 153,852 11 16 195 G Coastal 128 1,416 138,025 10 14 175 Gulf coast refineries 3 43 564 0 0 1 Brazos 24 271 26,376 2 3 33 Colorado (TX) 25 280 27,298 2 3 35 Mississippi 788 7,885 78,846 63 79 100 Rio Grande 75 825 80,392 6 8 102 Sabine 12 131 12,771 1 1 16 Trinity 40 444 43,239 3 4 55 Subtotal 1,096 11,294 407,510 88 113 516 Ha Coastal and inland rivers 79 1,623 57,573 6 16 73 I No urban areas 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ja Coastal and inland rivers 42 864 30,658 3 9 39 K Coastal 168 1,860 181,273 13 19 230 L Coastal 74 815 79,468 6 8 101 Sacramento 52 573 55,813 4 6 71 San Joaquin 78 865 84,289 6 9 107 Subtotal 204 2,253 219,570 16 23 278 M Coastal 92 1,016 99,025 7 10 125 Columbia 52 573 55,864 4 6 71 Subtotal 144 1,589 159,889 11 16 196 N Coastal 6 65 6,333 0 1 8 O Coastal 3 29 2,850 0 0 4 P Coastal 7 83 8,062 1 1 10 Copper 0 0 0 0 0 0 Susitna 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 7 83 8,062 1 1 10 Q Coastal 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yukon 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotala 2,502 51,653 1,832,476 200 517 2,321 Africa 178 3,673 130,317 14 37 165 Europe 2,251 46,464 1,648,387 180 465 2,088 Central America 164 3,392 120,343 13 34 152 South America 341 7,047 250,009 27 70 317 Asia 1,230 25,402 901,158 98 254 1,141 Oceania 145 2,989 106,028 12 30 134 TOTAL 6,811 140,620 4,988,699 545 1,406 6,319 NOTES: aSubtotal for North America does not include Coastal Zones in Mexico. Read the entire page →
From page 247... ... These calculations resulted in oil and grease loadings of the same magnitude as calculations based on unit loadings per urban land area (Table I-16. To test the assumption that the measured oil and grease concentrations used for the current analysis were representative of ambient concentrations in North American rivers, average measured oil and grease concentrations for the 1990s STORET data on the Mississippi and Delaware rivers were compared with a database consisting of all of the 1990s oil and grease measurements gathered from STORET (145 data points) Read the entire page →
From page 248... ... average = 5.80 ring I Mississippi (1 990s) average = 0.84 m1g 1 ,` ~ -- -~_ 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 oil and grease concentration (mg I A Delaware M� � � ~ 3K ISSISSlppl USGS All FIGURE I-1 Plot of percent exceedence values for 1990s STORET data (Delaware and Mississippi Rivers) Read the entire page →
From page 249... ... 16,683 ,67 Mi I issippi 525,638 525,638 Subtotal 79655,16350 7525,79123 Ha Coastal and inland rivers 157,387 108,189 I No urban areas 0 0 Co stal � d inland rivers 26 ,566 123,976 JKa Sacrame 30,596 32,17 San Joaquin 31738763ll 517506,14768 M Coastal 1874,9529 3678,206 Subtotal 102,480 105,931 oN Coastal 31O2,364 14,9492 P Coastal 0,568 o,5 14 Copper Susitna 0 0 Subtotal 3,568 5,514 Q Coastal 0 0 Yukon 0 0 Subtotala 5,009,464 3,443,557 Africa 4,506,162 3,097,582 Europe 328,984 226,147 Central America 683,454 469,813 South America 2,463,506 1,693,439 Asia 289,851 199,247 Oceania 13,637,670 9,374,694 TOTAL NOTES: aSubtotal for North America does not include Coastal Zones in Mexico; bSee Table F-4 for calculation of refinery loading. Read the entire page →
From page 250... ... While this concentration was greater than ambient river concentrations reported by other studies, it represents a conservative estimate of PAH concentrations in river water using the best available data. Furthermore, the calculated concentrations of PAH in the Mississippi River corresponded nicely with the range of total PAH measured by Michel (2001~. Read the entire page →
From page 251... ... Low Best High Columbia 220,892 19 26 320 Delaware 10,712 696 870 1,102 Hudson 12,365 242 3,258 4,127 James 6,209 168 2,270 2,875 Mississippia 625,760 101 126 160 Neuse 3,524 404 559 6,902 Sabine 7,043 135 186 2,297 Sacramento 21,000 197 273 3,366 Susquehanna 36,779 101 140 1,730 Trinity 8,944 359 496 6,124 Average 95,323 242 820 2,900 aEstimated oil and grease loading for Mississippi River was the same for low, best and high estimates of PAH loading (see Tables I-12 and I-13) Read the entire page →
From page 252... ... ~997. Monitoring of selected organochIorine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in the Arctic. Read the entire page →

From page 233...

... These estimates were made using unit loadings per urban land area. The annual loadings were calculated according to the coastal zones defined in this study, and the overall loadings for the United States and Canada were extrapolated to the world.

Appendix I: Estimating Land-Based Sources of Oil in the Sea Pages 233-252

Appendix I: Estimating Land-Based Sources of Oil in the Sea
Pages 233-252