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From page 259... ... , 198, 199 Canada, 40-41, 47, 48 aircraft releases, 215-216 databases, 66, 75 extraction spills, 3, 34-36, 38, 40-41, 70, 193-194, 198 land-based deposition, 78, 80, 233, 234, 235237, 238 produced waters, 71, 200, 201 259 transportation releases, 44-45, 75, 211-212, 213 Chemical composition of oil, 19-21, 22 Clean Air Act, 43, 66, 71, 81 Clean Water Act, 255 Climate change, 55, 120, 121 volatile organic compounds (VOC) , 58-59 Coastal zones, ix, 29, 46-62 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 260... ... maps, 25-27 operational discharges, 84, 88 pipeline spills, 193 volatile organic compounds (VOC) , 4, 59 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 139 natural resource damage assessments, 23, 111-112, 139 Computer technology see also Databases Internet, 24, 66, 193 models, 89, 90, 110-112, 138-139 Consumption, 1, 3-4, 7, 8, 28, 31, 32, 43, 46-47, 58, 65, 69, 86 see also Energy supply/demand; Recreational vessels; Urban areas databases, 67 maps of inputs, 36-37, 48-50 river runoff, 31, 47, 51, 55, 56, 77, 78-79, 80, 87, 101, 124, 153, 224, 233-236, 238247, 249-251 Corals, 125, 141 Cost factors, 1 Exxon Valdez spill, 14, 23 litigation and liability, 23, 255-257 natural resource damage assessments, 23 CRUCOSA program, 76, 77 D Databases, 1, 28, 61, 66-67, 193, 233-236, 238 see also Internet Environmental Research Consulting Database, 75, 78, 82, 212-213 non-tank vessels, 82 pipelines, 73 tanker spills, 75, 213-214 Deepwater Port Act, 255 Demand for energy, see Energy supply/demand Denmark, 72, 200 see also North Sea Department of Commerce, 62 see also National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Department of Energy, ix, 202 Department of the Interior, 62 see also Geological Survey; Minerals Management Service Developing countries, 38 Diesel fuel, 77, 83, 130, 254 Dispersion, 89, 90, 99-100, 112-113 INDEX see also Transport processes, spills oil spills, 38-39, 98 produced water, 38, 151 toxicity and, 134, 151 Dissolution, 21, 89, 90, 93-94, 108, 112, 114, 115-116, 117, 127 see also Oxidation Distillates, see Light distillates; Heavy distillates Dose factors, 22 E Economic factors see also Cost factors; Energy supply/demand; Foreign trade; Funding foreign trade, 7, 8, 10, 66, 70, 78 historical perspectives, 1, 23, 121 litigation and liability, 23, 255-257 Electric power, oil demand, 7, 8 Emulsification, 89, 90, 92-93, 112, 113-114 Energy Information Agency, 209 Energy supply/demand, 65 see also Consumption US, 1, 3-4, 7-8 world, 1,4,7,8-11, 16 Entrainment, 89, 90, 93, 100, 117 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Read the entire page →
From page 261... ... , 15, 43, 66, 75-76, 203-204, 207-212 International Energy Agency, 209 International Maritime Organization, 3, 14-15, 55 coastal facility spills, 78 operational discharges, 76, 83, 84 tanker spills, 75, 87-88, 215-216 volatile organic compounds (VOC) , 4, 59, 88 International perspectives, general, 157 see also specific countries and bodies of water databases, 66 developing countries, general, 38 energy supply/demand, 1, 4, 7, 8-11 foreign trade, 7, 8, 10, 66, 70, 78 grounded and abandoned vessels, 67 261 institutional cooperation, 3, 4, 14-15, 55, 59, 62 non-tank vessel spills, 82 vessel operational discharges, 75-76, 83, 84, 203-204 wars and armed conflicts, Persian Gulf War, 134, 135, 136- 137 submerged and abandoned vessels, 67 World War II, 67, 68 worldwide/international waters inputs, 12-13, 16, 46, 69-70, 72, 73, 213-215, 245246, 251 International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd., 75, 82, 213 Internet, 66, 193 Exxon Valdez, 24 INTERTANKO, 76, 83, 208 Ixtoc I, 25, 105 Ixtoc II, 25 J Joint Group of Experts on the Science Aspects of Marine Pollution, 14-15 L Land-based releases, 4, 22, 28, 43, 46, 48-49, 51, 55, 57, 65, 78-81, 86-87, 115 Canada, 78, 80, 233, 234, 235-237, 238 coastal terminal/refinery facilities, 16, 42, 44-45,47,51,53,55,57,59,69,7778, 80, 101, 212-222, 242, 245, 246, 249 coastal zones, general, 16, 29, 66, 78, 79-80 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Read the entire page →
From page 262... ... , 4, 196, 199 Mississippi River, 47, 51, 56, 152, 153, 238, 239, 240, 244-246, 248, 249, 250, 251 Models and modeling, 23, 59, 89, 90, 91, 108112, 116, 119, 138 see also Dispersion atmospheric deposition, 85, 109, 110, 223231 biological effects, 121, 123, 128- 129, 138149 natural resource damage assessments, 23, 111-112, 139 coastal habitat impacts, 138- 139 coastal runoff, 109, 111 computer, 89, 90, 110-112, 138-139 dissolution, 93-94, 112 emulsification, 112 evaporation, 90, 112 land-based production facilities, 108, 233251 loading, 89, 90, 233-251 natural resource damage assessments (NRDA) , 23, 111 - 112, 139 non-point sources, 109 operational discharges, 109, 110 overwashing, 101 oxidation, 94, 95, 112 partitioning, 102 photooxidation, 95 produced water, 109 recreational boats, 109 rivers, 109, 110 seabirds, effects of spills on, 121 sediments, 109-110 seeps, 108, 109, 110 shallow-water releases, 105- 106 shoreline stranding, 103-104 spreading, 97-98 vertical dispersion and entrainment, 100 volatile organic compounds (VOC) Read the entire page →
From page 263... ... , 4, 58, 66, 81, 82, 88, 219 regulatory issues, 43, 58, 66, 81, 219-220 research methodology, 219-220 two- and four-stroke engines, 3-4, 22, 43, 46, 58, 65, 66, 81-82, 112, 115, 219-220 Refineries, see Terminal facilities and refineries Regulatory issues, 23, 55, 62, 66, 255-257 see also Legislation aircraft fuel dumping, 59, 88, 219-220 drill cuttings, 39, 66 grounded and abandoned vessels, 67 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) , 15, 43, 66, 75-76, 203-204, 207-212 litigation and liability, 23, 255-257 263 oil wells/platforms, 39, 66, 71 pipeline safety/spills, 39, 73 produced water discharges, 66, 71, 72, 151 recreational vessels, two- and four-stroke engines, 43, 58, 66, 81, 219-220 regional data, 32-33 tanker safety, 39, 55, 62, 66, 75, 83, 87-88, 157 tarballs, 104 vessel operational discharges, 15, 42-43, 55, 57,58,55,58,66,75-76,83,84,88, 203-212 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Read the entire page →
From page 264... ... maps, 26-27 mangroves, 62, 89, 125, 145-148 Vessels, see Recreational vessels; Ships and boats; Submerged and abandoned vessels; Tankers Viscosity, 20, 74, 90, 92-93, 97, 100, 114, 231 Volatile organic compounds (VOC) , 4, 43, 46, 58-59, 65, 70, 71, 87, 153 see also Aircraft fuel; Atmospheric deposition climate change and, 58-59 coastal zones, 4, 59, 77 Coast Guard, 4, 59 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Read the entire page →
From page 265... ... INDEX evaporation, 59, 86, 89, 90, 114, 115, 1 216 pipeline spills, 39 produced water discharges, 38 sediments, 28, 119, 127 submerged oil, 101 toxicity and, 22, 29, 126, 127-128, 144, 147 Wells, see Oil wells/platforms Wetlands, 62, 89, 124, 125, 143-148 265 26, Wildlife, 11, 14, 23, 62, 89, 119, 121, 123, 125 see also Benthic organisms; Bioavailability; Fish and fisheries; Marine biota; Toxicity; Vegetation; Waterfowl and marine birds Exxon Valdez spill, 23, 24 natural seeps, 53, 87 sensitive habitats, 53, 87, 125, 138-139 Wind, 90, 92 Langmuir circulation, 59, 89, 92, 98-99 overwashing, 101 World Wide Web, see Internet X Xylene, see BTEX Read the entire page →

From page 259...

... , 198, 199 Canada, 40-41, 47, 48 aircraft releases, 215-216 databases, 66, 75 extraction spills, 3, 34-36, 38, 40-41, 70, 193-194, 198 land-based deposition, 78, 80, 233, 234, 235237, 238 produced waters, 71, 200, 201 259 transportation releases, 44-45, 75, 211-212, 213 Chemical composition of oil, 19-21, 22 Clean Air Act, 43, 66, 71, 81 Clean Water Act, 255 Climate change, 55, 120, 121 volatile organic compounds (VOC) , 58-59 Coastal zones, ix, 29, 46-62 (passim)

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From page 260...

... maps, 25-27 operational discharges, 84, 88 pipeline spills, 193 volatile organic compounds (VOC) , 4, 59 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 139 natural resource damage assessments, 23, 111-112, 139 Computer technology see also Databases Internet, 24, 66, 193 models, 89, 90, 110-112, 138-139 Consumption, 1, 3-4, 7, 8, 28, 31, 32, 43, 46-47, 58, 65, 69, 86 see also Energy supply/demand; Recreational vessels; Urban areas databases, 67 maps of inputs, 36-37, 48-50 river runoff, 31, 47, 51, 55, 56, 77, 78-79, 80, 87, 101, 124, 153, 224, 233-236, 238247, 249-251 Corals, 125, 141 Cost factors, 1 Exxon Valdez spill, 14, 23 litigation and liability, 23, 255-257 natural resource damage assessments, 23 CRUCOSA program, 76, 77 D Databases, 1, 28, 61, 66-67, 193, 233-236, 238 see also Internet Environmental Research Consulting Database, 75, 78, 82, 212-213 non-tank vessels, 82 pipelines, 73 tanker spills, 75, 213-214 Deepwater Port Act, 255 Demand for energy, see Energy supply/demand Denmark, 72, 200 see also North Sea Department of Commerce, 62 see also National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Department of Energy, ix, 202 Department of the Interior, 62 see also Geological Survey; Minerals Management Service Developing countries, 38 Diesel fuel, 77, 83, 130, 254 Dispersion, 89, 90, 99-100, 112-113 INDEX see also Transport processes, spills oil spills, 38-39, 98 produced water, 38, 151 toxicity and, 134, 151 Dissolution, 21, 89, 90, 93-94, 108, 112, 114, 115-116, 117, 127 see also Oxidation Distillates, see Light distillates; Heavy distillates Dose factors, 22 E Economic factors see also Cost factors; Energy supply/demand; Foreign trade; Funding foreign trade, 7, 8, 10, 66, 70, 78 historical perspectives, 1, 23, 121 litigation and liability, 23, 255-257 Electric power, oil demand, 7, 8 Emulsification, 89, 90, 92-93, 112, 113-114 Energy Information Agency, 209 Energy supply/demand, 65 see also Consumption US, 1, 3-4, 7-8 world, 1,4,7,8-11, 16 Entrainment, 89, 90, 93, 100, 117 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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From page 261...

... , 15, 43, 66, 75-76, 203-204, 207-212 International Energy Agency, 209 International Maritime Organization, 3, 14-15, 55 coastal facility spills, 78 operational discharges, 76, 83, 84 tanker spills, 75, 87-88, 215-216 volatile organic compounds (VOC) , 4, 59, 88 International perspectives, general, 157 see also specific countries and bodies of water databases, 66 developing countries, general, 38 energy supply/demand, 1, 4, 7, 8-11 foreign trade, 7, 8, 10, 66, 70, 78 grounded and abandoned vessels, 67 261 institutional cooperation, 3, 4, 14-15, 55, 59, 62 non-tank vessel spills, 82 vessel operational discharges, 75-76, 83, 84, 203-204 wars and armed conflicts, Persian Gulf War, 134, 135, 136- 137 submerged and abandoned vessels, 67 World War II, 67, 68 worldwide/international waters inputs, 12-13, 16, 46, 69-70, 72, 73, 213-215, 245246, 251 International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd., 75, 82, 213 Internet, 66, 193 Exxon Valdez, 24 INTERTANKO, 76, 83, 208 Ixtoc I, 25, 105 Ixtoc II, 25 J Joint Group of Experts on the Science Aspects of Marine Pollution, 14-15 L Land-based releases, 4, 22, 28, 43, 46, 48-49, 51, 55, 57, 65, 78-81, 86-87, 115 Canada, 78, 80, 233, 234, 235-237, 238 coastal terminal/refinery facilities, 16, 42, 44-45,47,51,53,55,57,59,69,7778, 80, 101, 212-222, 242, 245, 246, 249 coastal zones, general, 16, 29, 66, 78, 79-80 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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From page 262...

... , 4, 196, 199 Mississippi River, 47, 51, 56, 152, 153, 238, 239, 240, 244-246, 248, 249, 250, 251 Models and modeling, 23, 59, 89, 90, 91, 108112, 116, 119, 138 see also Dispersion atmospheric deposition, 85, 109, 110, 223231 biological effects, 121, 123, 128- 129, 138149 natural resource damage assessments, 23, 111-112, 139 coastal habitat impacts, 138- 139 coastal runoff, 109, 111 computer, 89, 90, 110-112, 138-139 dissolution, 93-94, 112 emulsification, 112 evaporation, 90, 112 land-based production facilities, 108, 233251 loading, 89, 90, 233-251 natural resource damage assessments (NRDA) , 23, 111 - 112, 139 non-point sources, 109 operational discharges, 109, 110 overwashing, 101 oxidation, 94, 95, 112 partitioning, 102 photooxidation, 95 produced water, 109 recreational boats, 109 rivers, 109, 110 seabirds, effects of spills on, 121 sediments, 109-110 seeps, 108, 109, 110 shallow-water releases, 105- 106 shoreline stranding, 103-104 spreading, 97-98 vertical dispersion and entrainment, 100 volatile organic compounds (VOC)

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From page 263...

... , 4, 58, 66, 81, 82, 88, 219 regulatory issues, 43, 58, 66, 81, 219-220 research methodology, 219-220 two- and four-stroke engines, 3-4, 22, 43, 46, 58, 65, 66, 81-82, 112, 115, 219-220 Refineries, see Terminal facilities and refineries Regulatory issues, 23, 55, 62, 66, 255-257 see also Legislation aircraft fuel dumping, 59, 88, 219-220 drill cuttings, 39, 66 grounded and abandoned vessels, 67 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) , 15, 43, 66, 75-76, 203-204, 207-212 litigation and liability, 23, 255-257 263 oil wells/platforms, 39, 66, 71 pipeline safety/spills, 39, 73 produced water discharges, 66, 71, 72, 151 recreational vessels, two- and four-stroke engines, 43, 58, 66, 81, 219-220 regional data, 32-33 tanker safety, 39, 55, 62, 66, 75, 83, 87-88, 157 tarballs, 104 vessel operational discharges, 15, 42-43, 55, 57,58,55,58,66,75-76,83,84,88, 203-212 volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

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From page 264...

... maps, 26-27 mangroves, 62, 89, 125, 145-148 Vessels, see Recreational vessels; Ships and boats; Submerged and abandoned vessels; Tankers Viscosity, 20, 74, 90, 92-93, 97, 100, 114, 231 Volatile organic compounds (VOC) , 4, 43, 46, 58-59, 65, 70, 71, 87, 153 see also Aircraft fuel; Atmospheric deposition climate change and, 58-59 coastal zones, 4, 59, 77 Coast Guard, 4, 59 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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From page 265...

... INDEX evaporation, 59, 86, 89, 90, 114, 115, 1 216 pipeline spills, 39 produced water discharges, 38 sediments, 28, 119, 127 submerged oil, 101 toxicity and, 22, 29, 126, 127-128, 144, 147 Wells, see Oil wells/platforms Wetlands, 62, 89, 124, 125, 143-148 265 26, Wildlife, 11, 14, 23, 62, 89, 119, 121, 123, 125 see also Benthic organisms; Bioavailability; Fish and fisheries; Marine biota; Toxicity; Vegetation; Waterfowl and marine birds Exxon Valdez spill, 23, 24 natural seeps, 53, 87 sensitive habitats, 53, 87, 125, 138-139 Wind, 90, 92 Langmuir circulation, 59, 89, 92, 98-99 overwashing, 101 World Wide Web, see Internet X Xylene, see BTEX

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Index Pages 259-265

Index
Pages 259-265