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Pages 3-16

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From page 3...
... In much of the world during the last third of the 20th century, environmental policy was dominated by "command-and-control" approaches.) Under command and control, government agencies develop a set of rules or standards.
From page 4...
... environmental policy in recent decades, other approaches have also been employed. Environmental education efforts aimed at both the public and at students have been used since the 1960s.
From page 5...
... Finally, we include codes and norms of "best professional practices" established by professional or industry groups within the broad category of voluntary measures. In engineering and management, such practices can do a great deal to reduce environmental impact.
From page 6...
... Given the apparent increase in green consumerism, such motivations are not unrelated to concerns about market share and profitability. Just as command-and-control approaches engage market incentives, so too do market incentives involve some of the characteristics of command and control.
From page 7...
... environmental policy, which involved dozens of
From page 8...
... So it is reasonable to propose that cohorts who have received their education since about 1970 are far more aware of and concerned with environmental issues than prior cohorts. The increased environmental consciousness of the public corresponds with the rise of green consumerism, which is actively promoted by many environmental organizations.
From page 9...
... Environmental education directed at individuals has been an important element of both government and environmental organization strategy for decades. Though the relationship between the regulated and the regulators often has been stormy, it also has always involved elements of the education, information flow, and voluntary cooperation that characterize the new tools.
From page 10...
... Policies based on voluntary agreements normally are presented as a way to decrease pollution faster or further than regulations require. The backdrop of regulation is what motivates participation in voluntary agreements.
From page 11...
... THE GOALS OF THIS VOLUME We do not focus here on controversies about the best policy strategy. Whether one views education, information, and voluntary measures as an important step forward, evidence of a retreat in commitment to environmental protection, or a set of complementary approaches to the old tools of command and control and market mechanisms, the research agenda remains the same.
From page 12...
... Part Three focuses on the private sector and the potential of voluntary agreements between government and industry and among firms. Part Four consists of a concluding chapter of reflections on what we know and need to know about the new tools.
From page 13...
... For example, traceable environmental allowances are a market-based institutional innovation that involves much more than economic incentives: government control and information diffusion are both critical to their operation, and infrastructure and voluntary agreements also may be necessary for measuring and monitoring .
From page 14...
... 1999 Marx's theory of metabolic rift: Classical foundations for environmental sociology. American Journal of Sociology 105: 366-405.
From page 15...
... Bower 1968 Managing Water Quality: Economics, Technology and Institutions. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.


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