The Relative Risks of School Travel A National Perspective and Guidance for Local Community Risk Assessment -- Special Report 269 (2002) / Chapter Skim
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2 Quantitative Analyses: Data and Methods
2 Quantitative Analyses: Data and Methods
Pages 25-82
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From page 25... ...
Because of the relatively infrequent occurrence of fatalities and severe injuries among children on trips during normal school travel hours, it was necessary to combine multiple years of statistics to obtain reasonable sample sizes. In addition, some otherwise promising datasets were not usable because they lacked the specificity needed to identify incidences or trips related to students going to and from school, or because they could not be paired with the corresponding exposure or outcome data.
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From page 26... ...
.2 1On the basis of this dataset, School Transportation News estimates annual school bus ridership to be approximately 10.5 billion. Using the Annual Student Ride Formula, this calculation incorporates estimates for student rides on regular route to-and-from K-12 school service, school-related activity trips, some private and parochial school transportation service, summer school transportation service, and Head Start transportation service.
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From page 27... ...
, which contains a copy of each state's form, as well as the state crash reporting threshold. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
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From page 28... ...
, contains performance, operational (such as miles traveled, passenger-miles, and passengers carried) , and financial information, as well as injury data stratified by mode [motor bus, trolley bus, light rail (passenger rail operating on exclusive or separated guideways)
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From page 29... ...
In addition, the GES and NPTS datasets do not allow one to identify holidays or other special days in order to remove data for these days from the analyses. The rates per school day are rough estimates that assume different travel behavior for children during vacations (i.e., significantly fewer trips during normal school travel hours while on vacation and minimal school bus use)
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From page 30... ...
In addition, those aged 1618 are more likely to hold after-school jobs or to participate in after-school activities that require transportation after regularly scheduled school bus service times. Therefore, the committee believed this last age group would be significantly different in both modes of travel used and number/length of trips during normal school travel hours, and thus should be examined separately.
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From page 31... ...
b Not included in FARS or GES. cThis category includes child pedestrian injuries and fatalities occurring in other bus-related crashes as well as in incidents with passenger vehicles driven by teens.
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From page 32... ...
Tables containing detailed trip and student-mile data are provided in Annex 2-1. The data suggest that, on average, each student made approximately 194 trips during normal morning school travel hours throughout the school year -- an average of 1.1 school trips per student each school morning.9 The definition of a trip is one-way travel from one address to another.
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From page 33... ...
Total 439,827,181 452,371,586 70,995,780 13,253,442,060 5,478,106,826 2,697,111,070 1,087,954,653 23,479,809,158 and Total 239,781,933 377,774,225 41,103,765 756,387,513 7,881,086,990 2,726,249,702 1,786,427,940 13,808,812,069 Morning Rural Normal Afternoon 40,970,533 6,140,836 156,812,750 358,272,221 189,249,284 3,049,681,460 1,416,289,818 5,217,416,902 During Made Urban 198,811,400 220,961,475 34,962,929 567,138,229 4,831,405,530 1,309,959,884 1,428,155,719 8,591,395,167 Trips Student Total of 200,045,248 74,597,361 910,683,130 29,892,015 331,567,140 5,372,355,070 2,751,857,124 9,670,997,089 Number for Mode Rural Morning 36,486,530 16,409,185 1,488,789 by 133,346,747 68,015,175 2,092,628,516 1,441,861,776 3,790,236,718 Hours Estimates Urban Travel 163,558,718 58,188,176 777,336,383 28,403,226 263,551,965 3,279,726,554 1,309,995,348 5,880,760,371 Population School 2-2 vehicle bus bus TABLE Afternoon Mode Passenger School Other Bicycle Walk Other Unknown Total
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From page 34... ...
Total 371,232,790 589,510,960 895,525,215 75,367,296,315 30,961,552,310 3,735,051,049 1,299,663,359 113,399,665,161 Total 290,404,850 824,373,510 331,963,814 439,285,334 50,354,476,897 15,273,079,298 1,656,576,457 69,349,993,320 and Rural Morning Afternoon 651,981,293 109,111,080 32,911,699 43,662,333 182,406,298 23,290,793,916 10,130,758,328 34,621,458,107 Normal Urban During 181,293,770 791,461,811 288,301,481 256,879,036 27,063,682,981 5,142,320,970 1,004,595,164 34,728,535,213 Traveled Total 80,827,940 475,289,849 257,547,146 456,239,881 25,012,819,418 15,688,473,012 2,078,474,592 44,049,671,841 Student-Miles for Mode Rural 9,919,170 1,544,134 Morning by 574,239,365 70,401,933 65,991,805 13,133,834,292 10,175,511,847 24,031,442,548 Hours Estimates Urban Travel 70,908,770 404,887,916 256,003,012 390,248,076 11,878,985,126 5,512,961,165 1,504,235,227 20,018,229,293 Population School 2-3 vehicle bus bus TABLE Afternoon Mode Passenger School Other Bicycle Walk Other Unknown Total
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From page 35... ...
. Of these, 7,470 were killed during normal school travel hours,11 2,719 were killed during school session 10To be classified as a fatal crash, an incident must involve a vehicle occupant or nonmotorist who dies within 30 days of the crash from injuries caused by the crash.
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From page 36... ...
As noted, moreover, the national databases used to examine the safety of children traveling to and from school -- FARS for fatality counts and GES for nonfatal injury estimates -- provide data only for incidents in which a motor vehicle is involved. There is no national database to record pedestrian and bicycling fatalities and injuries not involving a motor vehicle.
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From page 37... ...
b 7 Child pedestrian fatality, not 1,177 188 4,661 6,026 school busrelated 8 Child bicyclist fatality (not a motor vehicle crash) b 9 Child bicyclist fatality in a 12 0 2 14 school busrelated crash 10 Child bicyclist fatality not in a 402 116 2,188 2,706 school busrelated crash 11 1618 year old driver fatality, 0 0 1 1 other buses 12 Child passenger fatality 5 2 25 32 in other buses 13 Child passenger fatality on 7 5 169 181 motorcycle operated by an adult 14 1618 year old driver (operator)
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From page 38... ...
crash crash) Transport schoola operated operated in busrelated vehicle vehicles vehicles busrelated busrelated vehicle busrelated buses School motorcycle fatality motorcycle motorcycle Description schoola other vehicles other motora school all all motora schoola other in in other in (not not schoola in in on (not in not fatality, on During all passenger fatality fatality fatality fatality fatality, fatality fatality fatality bus fatality fatality fatality fatality, (operator)
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From page 39... ...
Age 21 4 4 78 9 36 2 1 0 1 1 101 45 282 Category 11 1 9 81 2 19 92 2 51 1 0 0 0 258 01 0 5 1 100 10 0 104 41 0 0 1 0 262 Fatality 7 7 by 87 2 17 99 2 27 0 0 0 0 248 5 16 0 9 1 0 0 1 0 128 91 31 Hours 282 3 17 0 4 0 126 113 30 1 0 1 0 295 0 6789 25 0 136 11 1 128 23 0 0 0 1 325 Transport 0 5 35 0 170 10 88 1 13 0 0 0 0 317 School in buses fatality schoola other vehicles other school During all all schoola other motorcycle motorcycle in in other in not schoola in in on on crash adult fatality, all passenger fatality an childa in not fatality fatality fatality, fatality fatality by by adult fatality fatality fatality Description Fatalities bus crash fatality, crash crash an (operator) childa busrelated driven driven by by school pedestrian passenger driver passenger pedestrian bicyclist bicyclist passenger passenger driver passenger Child Child schoola Child busrelated Child vehicles Child Child vehicles Child busrelated Child busrelated Child busrelated Child Child operated Child motorcycle Child operated 2-7 TABLE 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 Category 10 12 13 14 15 Total
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From page 40... ...
15.7 13.6 44.8 Group 1415 10 9 161 139 459 Category Age %N%N%N% 1.5 2.3 28.8 2.7 14.4 Fatality by 1113 N 12 19 238 22 119 Hours % 0.9 6.1 43.2 0.2 3.5 510 Transport 15 3 61 N 105 747 School fatality a all adult all During crash in in an in childa by crash all by crash) passenger fatality fatality fatality fatality bus driven driven Description busrelated fatality, vehicle Fatalities school busrelated Child schoola pedestrian passenger vehicles driver vehicles passenger vehicles passenger motora Child in Child school Child other Child other Child other Child (not 2-8 TABLE 1 2 3 4 5 6 Category
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From page 41... ...
operated pedestrian busrelated bicyclist motora bicyclist bicyclist busrelated passenger buses passenger driver passenger Child school Child (not Child busrelated Child school Child other Child motorcycle Child motorcycle Child motorcycle 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 Total
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From page 42... ...
, especially for the nonschool bus modes. Second, pedestrian fatalities resulting from crashes involving other buses could not be identified.
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From page 43... ...
Analyses The committee performed analyses on 9 years of GES nonfatal injury data (19911999) to determine the number of nonfatal injuries involving each mode of interest for the age groupings of interest during the defined normal school travel hours.
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From page 44... ...
Of the total student injuries, 5 percent are estimated to be to bicyclists in crashes not involving school buses. Table 2-10 shows the esti mated total number of injuries to school-age children during normal school travel hours for the years 1991 through 1999, inclusive, broken down by age and mode categories.
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From page 45... ...
% 3.65 0.28 33.29 33.75 17.28 5.74 0.05 5.00 0.01 0.36 0.04 0.51 0.05 100.01 Total 679 122 582 652 50,366 3,863 4,915 7,051 Estimate 459,168 465,565 238,319 79,138 68,974 1,379,394 % 1.52 0.06 13.40 62.46 19.05 1.35 0.05 1.25 0.02 0.09 0.04 0.71 0.00 100.00 18 16 0 Category 436 335 122 669 274 Age 10,899 96,038 9,686 8,949 5,088 Estimate 447,522 136,482 716,500 by Hours % 5.05 0.44 33.30 7.26 39.19 6.27 0.02 7.31 0.00 0.35 0.02 0.79 0.00 100.00 (years) 15 Travel 14 Age 857 35 0 669 40 0 9,758 64,341 14,019 75,718 12,113 14,115 1,524 Estimate 193,189 School % 8.82 0.74 Normal 48.85 1.47 9.71 13.89 0.08 14.44 0.00 1.33 0.09 0.23 0.35 100.00 1113 During 0 140 161 403 614 15,321 1,287 84,854 2,548 16,860 24,122 25,077 2,315 Estimate 173,702 Injuries % 4.86 0.43 Child 72.27 0.50 3.13 11.22 0.06 7.04 0.00 0.43 0.04 0.01 0.01 100.00 510 0 169 107 36 38 Estimated 14,388 1,283 1,476 9,259 1,262 Estimate 213,935 33,217 20,833 296,003 2-10 TABLE 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 Category 10 11 12 13 14 16 Total
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From page 46... ...
% 0.24 0.03 39.05 32.40 18.43 3.97 0.00 4.74 0.00 0.16 0.16 0.71 0.11 100.00 Total 56 20 10,516 1,139 7,029 7,091 4,658 Estimate 798,836 172,123 205,262 30,960 1,692,679 1,404,287 4,334,656 % 0.07 0.00 19.01 56.35 20.86 1.35 0.00 1.24 0.00 0.11 0.15 0.79 0.07 100.00 18 16 54 0 20 Category 1,578 2,544 3,644 1,642 Estimate 450,114 493,848 31,872 29,403 18,590 1,334,016 2,367,325 Age by % 0.59 0.01 40.27 9.77 36.77 4.02 0.00 6.64 0.00 0.23 0.22 1.33 0.15 Hours 100.00 (years) 15 Age 14 86 0 0 Travel 872 3,495 57,555 23,677 39,091 1,338 1,283 7,851 Estimate 237,207 216,570 589,025 NonSchool % 0.33 0.13 64.76 1.90 11.24 7.58 0.01 12.86 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.66 0.13 100.00 During 1113 645 56 0 987 662 1,646 9,575 1,030 3,334 Estimate 326,024 56,564 38,185 64,743 503,451 Injuries % 0.43 0.04 Child 77.65 0.36 3.64 8.96 0.00 8.23 0.00 0.24 0.14 0.14 0.17 100.00 510 0 0 354 Estimated 3,797 Estimate 79,3346 3,141 31,854 78,389 72,025 2,117 1,177 1,185 1,482 874,855 2-11 TABLE 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 Category 10 11 12 13 14 16 Total
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From page 47... ...
reports that there were 7,500 school bus passenger injuries, with a standard error of approximately 1,300, and there were 350 pedestrian injuries sustained in school busrelated crashes, with a standard error of 300. These standard error estimates are taken from the published generalized broad error estimates and are not derived individually for each individual estimate.
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From page 48... ...
Given the large numbers of fatalities and injuries that occur on highways in the United States and the fact that relatively few of these involve students during school travel hours, the benefits of any additional data collection efforts need to be fully considered before such efforts are recommended or implemented. REFERENCES Abbreviations APTA American Public Transportation Association BTS Bureau of Transportation Statistics FHWA Federal Highway Administration NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration RTI Research Triangle Institute TRB Transportation Research Board APTA.
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From page 49... ...
2000. Traffic Safety Facts 1999: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System.
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From page 50... ...
181 94 3,521 1,696 Total 131,232,579 73,869,310 163,558,718 21,750,083 58,188,176 13,423,861 3,279,726,554 1,309,995,348 Age and 841 157 95 1 Mode 18 210,129 210,129 by 16 870,845,627 59,542,291 118,322,566 15,436,501 52,904,776 9,569,792 Hours 422 259 54 31 Travel (years) 15 14 Age 400,517,876 33,741,888 214,978,726 23,896,577 39,948,869 9,114,959 17,183,912 6,806,737 School 607 475 14 22 Morning 1113 531,098,508 39,381,074 412,838,530 41,412,303 33,949,898 9,116,062 20,008,211 5,895,656 Normal 805 63 3 During 1,651 510 86,534,714 563,855,526 40,644,901 36,755,175 10,589,136 20,785,924 8,590,618 Trips of 1,477,264,544 Number estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate error Urban 1 Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N1 Standard TABLE 2-1 vehicle bus bus ANNEX Mode Passenger School Other Bicycle
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From page 51... ...
785 42 311 6,585 777,336,383 57,375,092 28,403,226 6,327,733 263,551,965 36,051,506 179,625,941 5,880,760,371 92 24 40 1,214 85,404,658 14,848,258 18,069,308 5,267,489 24,764,552 7,951,869 66,764,357 1,170,521,616 9 106 38 892 131,747,013 31,726,354 5,070,090 1,896,490 30,098,173 10,494,355 839,544,659 55,206,094 4 201 86 1,436 894,971 177,262,345 19,204,831 1,643,831 81,319,258 16,209,711 65,908,724 1,258,120,581 5 386 147 3,043 382,922,367 35,079,684 3,619,997 2,325,148 127,369,982 24,004,236 110,717,079 2,612,573,515 estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate error reported. who Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard persons of number actual = N Walk Other Unknown Total Note:
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From page 52... ...
159 94 3,458 1,620 Age Total and 130,576,242 72,953,572 21,198,568 70,908,770 13,423,861 11,878,985,126 5,512,961,165 1,504,235,227 Mode by 825 149 15 1 105,064 210,129 Hours 1618 58,839,703 573,441,831 15,372,813 9,122,355 244,877,637 3,953,927,352 Travel 405 242 83 31 School (years) 1415 Age 33,452,673 23,627,100 8,699,763 822,252,619 27,577,509 6,806,737 1,372,679,540 1,191,692,999 Morning 595 455 73 22 Normal 1113 39,129,419 40,377,136 9,004,633 335,248,751 27,286,852 5,895,656 1,791,096,290 1,701,853,260 During 774 33 3 Traveled 1,633 510 86,407,831 40,373,188 101,856,220 10,484,740 15,939,345 8,590,618 4,761,281,944 2,045,973,075 Student-Miles estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate error Urban 2 Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N1 Standard TABLE 2-1 vehicle bus bus ANNEX Mode Passenger School Other Bike
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From page 53... ...
785 30 289 6,390 404,887,916 57,375,092 6,037,580 256,003,012 390,248,076 34,935,910 178,179,617 20,018,229,293 92 16 35 1,169 61,855,428 14,848,258 5,058,794 161,341,177 50,872,274 7,923,014 65,892,631 5,046,420,763 6 106 35 845 113,672,823 31,726,354 40,867,471 1,825,485 13,464,980 6,334,804 54,366,841 3,582,207,941 4 201 78 1,392 894,971 90,571,125 19,204,831 9,985,665 132,875,825 16,080,068 64,854,690 4,088,917,768 4 386 141 2,984 138,788,540 35,079,684 43,808,700 2,299,055 193,034,998 23,905,839 110,479,419 7,300,682,821 estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate reported. error who Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard persons of number actual = N Walk Other Unknown Total Note:
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From page 54... ...
65 02 2,220 2,040 Total 105,798,541 77,506,971 36,486,530 9,210,307 16,409,185 7,666,113 2,092,628,516 1,441,861,776 Age and 7 4 644 167 Mode 18 by 16 192,156 135,007 639,224,278 49,379,249 95,315,877 14,027,341 2,166,362 1,739,721 Hours 8 1 300 300 Travel (years) 15 14 8,524,793 3,803,890 1,876,239 1,876,239 Age 276,658,155 29,690,045 219,232,462 27,191,996 School 344 582 71 7 Morning 1113 316,247,388 33,092,480 443,993,597 35,880,120 7,869,828 3,671,130 4,776,599 3,260,056 Normal 4 During 932 991 510 Trips 860,498,695 64,461,356 683,319,840 46,616,256 17,925,546 6,614,423 9,564,192 4,408,397 of Number estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate error Rural 3 Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N2 Standard Population N8 Standard TABLE 2-1 vehicle bus bus ANNEX Mode Passenger School Other Bike
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From page 55... ...
2 138 119 4,595 133,346,747 22,776,280 1,488,789 1,432,741 68,015,175 13,349,986 145,382,516 3,790,236,718 22 2 12 867 11,532,807 3,906,176 ,488,7891 ,432,7411 15,461,090 5,543,581 765,381,360 52,316,507 02 0 0 0 52 654 9,352,461 4,073,132 12,672,985 4,384,690 528,317,095 41,382,258 83 0 0 0 52 1,013 49,173,766 12,802,995 13,428,648 4,639,218 835,489,825 56,894,445 85 0 0 84 2,061 63,287,714 13,683,290 26,452,451 8,715,177 84,620,028 1,661,048,438 estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate reported. error who Population N Standard Population N0 Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard persons of number actual = N Walk Other Unknown Total Note:
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From page 56... ...
15 91 2,194 2,002 Total 105,257,519 76,995,724 9,209,217 9,919,170 7,665,023 574,239,365 13,133,834,292 10,175,511,847 6 3 639 164 18 274,503 38,903 16 49,356,979 13,960,988 47,540,644 1,739,486 4,428,638,338 1,031,296,410 School 7 1 293 288 Morning (years) 1415 29,507,986 26,859,248 62,424,583 3,803,648 1,876,239 1,876,239 Age 1,813,576,387 1,728,722,273 Normal 341 573 51 7 During 1113 32,981,193 35,773,715 84,129,972 3,670,095 4,152,614 3,260,056 School 1,688,664,853 3,034,462,519 to 3 921 977 Traveled 510 64,053,681 46,282,788 6,614,245 3,615,815 4,408,397 380,144,166 5,202,954,714 4,381,030,645 Student-Miles Age estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate error Rural and 4 Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N2 Standard Population N8 Standard Mode by TABLE 2-1 Hours vehicle bus bus ANNEX Travel Mode Passenger School Other Bike
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From page 57... ...
831 1 911 57,190 4,524 70,401,933 22,776,280 1,544,134 65,991,805 13,349,986 144,420,916 24,031,442,548 2 1 1 856 57,190 6,462,441 3,906,176 ,544,1341 34,650,714 5,543,581 52,148,126 5,550,407,184 022 0 0 0 522 634 4,832,846 4,073,132 7,133,432 4,384,690 41,038,177 3,618,565,760 8 0 0 0 5 999 21,443,036 12,802,995 8,849,220 4,639,218 56,765,042 4,841,702,214 835 0 0 824 2,035 37,663,611 13,683,290 15,358,439 8,715,177 83,879,804 10,020,767,389 estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate reported. error who Population N Standard Population N0 Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard persons of number actual = N Walk Other Unknown Total Note:
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From page 58... ...
422 632 5,252 1,687 Total 201,723,482 73,279,362 198,811,400 24,583,674 220,961,475 29,647,814 4,831,405,530 1,309,959,884 1 1 128 Age 1,445 18 16 and 93,996,342 101,288,394 17,015,906 50,515,445 9,776,708 10,752,902 4,026,727 1,403,909,108 Mode by 36 62 580 229 (years) 15 Hours 14 Age 503,335,498 44,369,474 169,841,582 20,622,458 68,739,169 13,111,518 56,541,979 14,561,135 Travel 891 489 364 558 School 1113 823,613,202 64,026,003 430,405,436 42,272,804 37,396,804 9,231,985 73,120,021 15,314,210 Afternoon 841 75 47 2,336 Normal 510 138,363,375 608,424,472 41,954,305 42,159,982 10,729,737 80,546,573 17,458,178 2,100,547,722 During Trips estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate error Urban 5 Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard TABLE 2-1 vehicle bus bus ANNEX Mode Passenger School Other Bike
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From page 59... ...
46 653 1,471 9,587 89,999,130 34,962,929 6,618,319 567,138,229 54,810,536 275,065,881 1,428,155,719 8,591,395,167 214 53 87 1,991 228,787,393 32,201,507 19,216,859 4,553,955 76,560,136 15,501,934 108,140,229 1,891,030,236 9 248 96 1,281 262,441,000 38,842,327 4,845,801 1,952,824 95,690,770 18,788,228 76,541,657 1,161,435,800 6 381 164 2,059 915,201 335,022,308 33,314,229 1,796,007 155,337,801 27,115,550 99,885,163 1,856,691,578 4 628 306 4,256 601,905,019 55,355,907 9,104,262 3,991,532 239,549,523 31,726,420 173,927,108 3,682,237,553 estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate error reported. who Population N Standard Population N1 Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard persons of number actual = N Walk Other Unknown Total Note:
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From page 60... ...
991 332 Age 5,159 1,612 and Total 199,853,917 71,548,779 23,740,009 181,293,770 29,644,242 27,063,682,981 5,142,320,970 1,004,595,164 Mode by 5 0 122 1,400 Hours 18 16 91,412,339 575,302,237 16,976,940 9,291,995 255,554,884 14,181,787 4,026,383 8,605,842,338 Travel School 569 207 355 525 (years) 15 14 43,893,749 Age 765,475,091 20,216,548 340,811,331 12,229,776 59,017,844 14,560,954 3,006,743,940 Afternoon 0 4 881 473 Normal 1113 63,905,782 40,891,198 9,230,508 151,352,944 61,978,593 15,307,499 5,363,655,690 1,643,264,349 During 810 145 487 2,309 Traveled 510 137,724,551 41,683,474 256,876,004 10,580,880 46,115,547 17,458,178 10,087,441,013 2,158,279,293 Student-Miles estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate error Urban 6 Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard TABLE 2-1 vehicle bus bus ANNEX Mode Passenger School Other Bike
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From page 61... ...
05 607 1,470 9,330 791,461,811 89,999,097 6,345,107 288,301,481 256,879,036 52,776,831 271,451,955 34,728,535,213 213 72 73 1,910 141,137,430 32,201,403 4,326,683 145,207,042 38,622,401 13,202,639 104,197,126 9,775,848,119 7 248 91 1,230 185,594,148 38,842,327 63,564,015 1,884,496 56,365,805 16,823,660 75,571,161 4,477,572,174 5 381 146 2,010 701,666 187,385,153 33,314,229 9,446,290 71,548,632 26,114,182 98,774,357 7,488,631,651 1 628 297 4,180 277,345,080 55,355,907 70,084,133 3,930,805 90,342,199 31,324,720 172,966,224 12,986,483,269 estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate reported. error who Population N Standard Population N1 Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard persons of number actual = N Walk Other Unknown Total Note:
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From page 62... ...
35 3 3,645 1,962 Total 147,990,991 80,265,950 40,970,533 10,068,077 5,972,111 5,702,717 3,049,681,460 1,416,289,818 4 1 146 Age 1,057 18 98,487 98,487 16 and 923,985,863 76,310,051 98,815,106 14,581,573 1,815,765 1,721,616 Mode by 415 279 11 1 (years) 15 174,425 174,425 Hours 14 Age 337,493,451 35,082,384 210,615,943 28,360,167 9,956,689 4,034,195 Travel 636 551 71 1 School 1113 526,195,012 54,902,693 402,190,725 33,656,569 10,625,139 4,165,226 5,699,198 5,699,198 Afternoon 1 0 0 986 1,537 Normal 510 85,803,928 704,668,044 50,608,861 18,572,942 7,151,299 1,262,007,134 During Trips estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate error Rural 7 Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N2 Standard Population N0 Standard TABLE 2-1 vehicle bus bus ANNEX Mode Passenger School Other Motorcycle
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From page 63... ...
3 188 343 290 6,487 168,725 126,634 156,812,750 33,125,093 358,272,221 41,256,346 189,249,284 26,576,330 210,113,300 5,217,416,902 12 50 2 46 1,327 114,380 114,380 15,756,729 8,461,089 56,799,771 17,701,040 28,199,511 8,513,106 84,942,904 1,125,585,611 93 67 1 53 866 54,344 54,344 44,104,187 17,291,476 63,337,583 14,102,296 22,195,071 6,117,990 687,931,693 62,645,399 56 0 0 0 106 81 1,457 33,146,403 10,163,115 126,462,256 23,997,844 56,224,018 13,465,320 83,271,133 1,160,542,753 36 0 0 120 110 2,837 63,805,430 22,115,634 111,672,611 16,856,776 82,630,684 16,628,314 121,530,784 2,243,356,845 estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate error reported. who Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N0 Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard persons of number actual= N Bike Walk Other Unknown Total Note:
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From page 64... ...
94 3 Age 3,602 1,907 and Total 147,772,017 79,486,373 651,981,293 10,066,891 4,191,611 5,702,717 23,290,793,916 10,130,758,328 Mode by 4 1 138 1,042 Hours 18 295,461 98,487 16 76,048,366 14,383,715 21,542,353 1,721,616 5,970,900,897 1,139,254,798 Travel 406 261 01 1 School (years) 15 174,425 14 34,973,329 27,739,974 69,353,702 4,033,968 1,046,550 Age 2,939,597,211 1,580,908,580 Afternoon 632 543 41 1 Normal 1113 54,901,914 33,558,932 4,163,474 ,849,5992 ,699,1985 100,388,092 3,769,543,109 2,957,427,679 During 1 0 0 965 1,522 Traveled 510 85,793,168 50,299,560 7,151,299 460,697,146 10,610,752,700 4,453,167,270 Student-Miles estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate error Rural 8 Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N2 Standard Population N0 Standard TABLE 2-1 vehicle bus bus ANNEX Mode Passenger School Other Motorcycle
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From page 65... ...
581 2 343 278 78,892 6,369 109,111,080 32,911,699 212,744,861 41,256,346 39,470,722 182,406,298 26,148,341 209,281,574 34,621,458,107 0 50 1 44 57,190 1,300 20,544,729 8,460,102 45,030,626 17,701,040 1,429,754 8,410,821 108,906,297 84,629,599 7,307,904,915 723 67 1 50 833 54,344 23,347,981 16,879,221 48,412,872 14,102,296 38,040,968 6,482,623 5,988,193 62,056,103 4,707,190,487 5 0 0 0 106 81 1,442 31,922,931 10,163,115 57,034,249 23,997,844 47,479,627 13,465,320 83,231,843 6,966,645,286 366 0 0 120 103 2,794 33,295,438 22,115,634 62,267,114 16,856,776 19,537,751 16,233,135 121,158,850 15,639,717,419 estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate error estimate reported. error who Population N Standard Population N Standard Population N0 Standard Population N Standard Population N Standard persons of number actual = N Bike Walk Other Unknown Total Note:
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From page 66... ...
Category Description N 1 Child school bus passenger fatalitya in a school busrelated crash 55 2 Child pedestrian fatality in a school busrelated crash 160 3 Child passenger fatality in all other vehicles driven by an adult 12,952 4 16- to 18-year-old driver fatality, all other vehicles 16,894 5 Child passenger fatality in all other vehicles driven by a 16- to 18-year-old 10,586 6 Child passenger fatality (not a motor vehicle crash) (not available in FARS)
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From page 67... ...
3 school pedestrian passenger driver passenger pedestrian bicyclist bicyclist driver passenger passenger driver passenger TABLE Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child 2-2 ANNEX 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 Category 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total
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From page 68... ...
= 0.3 0.5 39.3 4.8 15.2 21.3 0.1 16.1 0 0.2 0.3 1.5 0.3 (N 100.0 1113 15 23 5 0 233 744 789 10 17 74 16 Group 1,922 1,039 4,887 Age 0.2 1.4 51.4 0.8 3.7 29.6 0.1 12.2 0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 and 510 19 6 0 6 6 N%N%N 121 69 323 23 16 4,482 2,577 1,065 8,713 Group crash adult an childa adult Fatality by by an childa by busrelated crash crash by by crash driven driven schoola operated operated in busrelated vehicles vehicles busrelated busrelated Fatalities busrelated buses other motorcycle fatality vehicles other school schoola motorcycle motorcycle Child Description schoola all all buses other in in other in not schoola in in on on all in not fatality, other Total passenger fatality fatality fatality fatality, fatality fatality fatality 4 bus fatality fatality fatality, fatality, (operator) school pedestrian passenger driver passenger pedestrian bicyclist bicyclist driver passenger passenger driver passenger TABLE 2-2 Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child ANNEX 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 Category 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total
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From page 69... ...
(years) 21 646 66 210 345 = Age (N 1 11 10 610 36 112 317 Age 0 5 and 01 648 28 74 338 9 7 682 21 70 358 Group 5 19 759 10 55 407 Fatality 4 19 7 by 786 35 467 0 6789 30 2 747 46 489 Fatalities 1 5 41 1 860 43 518 Child in in by in by a crash all Total in crash fatality fatality driven fatality driven fatality, 5 bus fatality, fatality busrelated busrelated vehicles vehicles Description school busrelated pedestrian passenger driver vehicles passenger pedestrian TABLE school 2-2 Child passenger school Child schoola other adult other Child all an Child other Child all childa Child not ANNEX 1 2 3 4 5 7 Category
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From page 70... ...
busrelated Description bicyclist busrelated motorcycle bicyclist driver passenger buses passenger driver passenger TABLE child 2-2 Child school Child schoola adult motorcycle a Child buses Child other Child motorcycle an Child fatality, Child on by ANNEX 9 Category 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total
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From page 71... ...
% 0.5 1.8 20.3 34.1 19.9 15.8 0.2 5.4 0.1 0.1 1.8 0.1 100.0 Total N 41 136 12 5 7 402 135 10 1,517 2,545 1,483 1,177 7,470 and % 0.7 2.7 17.1 23.0 16.3 28.8 0.3 8.6 0.0 0.2 2.2 0.1 100.0 Urban Population Category 18 72 9 1 5 58 3 N 460 618 437 774 230 2,685 Fatality % 0.5 1.3 22.1 40.3 21.9 8.4 0.1 3.6 0.1 0.0 1.6 0.1 by 100.0 Rural Hours 23 64 3 4 2 7 N 403 172 77 1,057 1,927 1,046 4,785 Travel crash School adult an childa adult by by an childa busrelated crash crash by by Normal crash driven driven schoola operated operated During in busrelated vehicles vehicles busrelated busrelated busrelated buses motorcycle fatality motorcycle motorcycle Description schoola other vehicles other school all all schoola other in in other in not schoola in in on on Fatalities all in not fatality, passenger fatality fatality fatality fatality, fatality fatality fatality Child bus fatality fatality fatality, (operator)
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From page 72... ...
7,470) = school pedestrian passenger driver passenger pedestrian bicyclist bicyclist passenger passenger driver passenger TABLE (N 2-2 Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Group ANNEX Age 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 Category 10 12 13 14 15 Total
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From page 73... ...
continued( = 81 168 822 176 28 (N 0 1 Age 71 113 766 311 49 and 3 0 61 90 793 357 55 51 7 3 81 Category 103 291 67 41 3 6 80 36 168 91 Fatality 31 7 6 79 11 64 71 by (years) Age 21 4 4 78 9 36 101 Hours 11 1 9 81 2 19 92 Travel 01 0 5 1 100 10 104 7 7 87 2 17 99 School 5 16 0 9 128 91 Normal 3 17 0 4 126 113 During 6789 0 25 0 136 11 128 0 0 5 35 170 10 88 Fatalities in in by in by a crash in crash all Child fatality fatality driven fatality driven fatality, 8 bus fatality, fatality busrelated busrelated vehicles vehicles Description school busrelated pedestrian passenger driver vehicles passenger pedestrian TABLE school Child passenger school Child schoola other adult other Child all an Child other Child all childa Child not 2-2 ANNEX 1 2 3 4 5 7 Category
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From page 74... ...
5 13 317 a in in on an on a in not crash crash by by (continued fatality fatality fatality 8 fatality fatality operated (operator) operated busrelated Description bicyclist busrelated motorcycle bicyclist passenger buses passenger driver passenger TABLE Child school Child schoola Child other Child motorcycle adult Child fatality, Child motorcycle child 2-2 7,470)
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From page 75... ...
0.0 0.1 26.4 33.1 21.0 11.2 0.0 5.3 0.0 0.1 0.4 2.3 0.2 100.0 Total 14 24 2 1 27 174 991 101 11,435 14,349 9,103 4,849 2,304 43,374 0.0 0.1 23.6 25.9 19.1 19.6 0.0 7.9 0.0 0.1 0.5 2.8 0.3 and 100.0 Urban 7 Population 19 1 1 11 85 441 46 3,708 4,083 3,008 3,083 1,248 Category 15,741 0.0 0.0 Fatality 28.0 37.2 22.1 6.4 0.0 3.8 0 0.1 0.3 2.0 0.2 100.0 by Rural 7 5 1 0 16 89 55 N%N%N% 550 Hours 7,727 10,266 6,095 1,766 1,056 27,633 Travel crash adult an childa adult by by an childa crash by by NonSchool busrelated crash crash driven driven schoola operated operated During in busrelated vehicles vehicles busrelated busrelated busrelated buses motorcycle fatality motorcycle motorcycle Description schoola other vehicles other school all all schoola buses other in in other in not schoola in in on on Fatalities all in not fatality, other passenger fatality fatality fatality fatality, fatality fatality fatality Child bus fatality fatality fatality, fatality, (operator)
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From page 76... ...
%N%N% 0.0 0.0 25.0 15.7 37.5 11.8 6.4 0.1 0.3 2.6 0.5 100.0 15 Group 14 2 3 7 21 34 N 984 743 402 161 Category 1,574 2,355 6,286 Age % 0.1 0.1 41.5 5.2 15.4 19.1 16.0 0.2 0.4 1.7 0.4 100.0 Fatality 1113 3 4 8 17 69 15 by N 211 625 775 650 1,684 4,061 Hours % 0.1 0.2 53.5 0.9 3.8 28.0 0.0 12.9 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 100.0 510 4 1 16 66 5 23 13 5 Travel N 262 900 3,735 1,954 6,984 crash adult an childa adult NonSchool by by an childa busrelated crash crash by by crash driven driven During schoola operated operated in busrelated vehicles vehicles busrelated busrelated busrelated buses motorcycle Fatalities fatality Description schoola other vehicles other school all all schoola buses other motorcycle motorcycle in in other in not schoola in in on in not fatality, on Child all other passenger fatality fatality fatality fatality, fatality fatality fatality 10 bus fatality fatality fatality, fatality, (operator) school pedestrian passenger driver passenger pedestrian bicyclist bicyclist driver passenger passenger driver passenger TABLE 2-2 Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child ANNEX 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 Category 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total
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From page 77... ...
2 0 = 71 412 1,404 4,255 2,039 (N 3 1 61 421 Age 1,082 3,423 2,158 1 2 and 51 843 697 395 1,554 1 1 41 731 287 801 348 Category 3 2 31 587 120 358 306 Fatality (years) 0 1 21 568 57 174 244 by Age 0 1 11 529 34 93 225 Hours 0 0 01 548 27 64 234 Travel 2 0 595 19 53 259 0 3 631 10 46 316 NonSchool 1 2 7 660 31 354 During 0 5 2 6789 611 35 361 1 6 1 5 690 33 430 Fatalities in in by in by Child a crash in crash all fatality fatality driven fatality driven fatality, 11 bus fatality, fatality busrelated busrelated vehicles vehicles Description school busrelated pedestrian passenger driver vehicles passenger pedestrian TABLE school 2-2 Child passenger school Child schoola other adult other Child all an Child other Child all childa Child not ANNEX 1 2 3 4 5 7 Category
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From page 78... ...
0 97 0 0 2 0 0 5 1,260 a in in on in (continued not crash crash other by fatality fatality fatality 11 fatality fatality operated fatality, operated (operator) busrelated Description bicyclist busrelated motorcycle bicyclist driver passenger buses passenger driver passenger TABLE child 43,374)
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From page 79... ...
12 school pedestrian passenger driver passenger pedestrian bicyclist passenger passenger driver passenger TABLE Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child 2-2 ANNEX 1 2 3 4 5 7 Category 10 12 13 14 15 Total
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From page 80... ...
%N%N% 0.3 0.3 and 24.5 20.6 41.4 6.0 3.9 0.0 0.3 2.1 0.8 15 100.0 Group 14 1 1 94 79 159 23 15 0 1 8 3 Age 384 Category 0.5 0.9 49.5 6.3 14.9 13.5 11.7 0.0 0.5 1.4 0.9 100.0 1113 1 2 0 1 3 2 Fatality 110 14 33 30 26 222 by 0.7 2.6 57.9 0.7 5.0 21.4 11.6 0.0 0 0 0.2 100.0 Hours 510 3 N%N%N 12 3 265 23 98 53 0 0 0 1 458 Session crash adult an childa adult School by by an childa busrelated crash crash by by driven driven During schoola operated operated in busrelated vehicles vehicles busrelated busrelated buses motorcycle fatality Fatalities motorcycle motorcycle Description schoola other vehicles other school all all schoola other in in other in not in in on on all not fatality, Child passenger fatality fatality fatality fatality, fatality fatality fatality 13 bus fatality fatality, (operator) school pedestrian passenger driver passenger pedestrian bicyclist passenger passenger driver passenger TABLE Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child Child 2-2 ANNEX 1 2 3 4 5 7 Category 10 12 13 14 15 Total
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From page 81... ...
= 71 1 0 63 295 141 14 (N 61 0 1 45 Age 221 145 10 and 51 1 0 55 60 105 13 41 0 1 39 19 54 10 Category 31 1 1 44 10 21 14 (years) Fatality Age 21 0 1 38 4 7 1 by 11 0 0 28 0 5 15 Hours 01 0 0 33 2 4 5 2 0 38 1 4 12 Session 0 2 45 0 3 11 School 1 1 41 0 2 17 During 6789 0 3 46 0 6 25 0 6 0 4 5 62 28 Fatalities in in by in by a crash all Child in crash fatality fatality driven fatality driven fatality, 14 bus fatality, fatality busrelated busrelated vehicles vehicles Description school busrelated pedestrian passenger driver vehicles passenger pedestrian school TABLE Child passenger school Child schoola other adult other Child all an Child other Child all childa Child not 2-2 ANNEX 1 2 3 4 5 7 Category
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From page 82... ...
5 105 in on on a not by by (continued fatality fatality fatality fatality 14 busrelated operated (operator) operated Description motorcycle bicyclist TABLE schoola passenger buses passenger driver passenger adult Child in crash Child other Child motorcycle an Child fatality, Child motorcycle child 2-2 2,719)
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Key Terms
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