Considerations for Viral Disease Eradication Lessons Learned and Future Strategies: Workshop Summary (2002) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
5 Medical Intervention and Technological Solutions
5 Medical Intervention and Technological Solutions
Pages 121-140
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 121... ...
A detailed plan for vaccine production will require more information on OPV-derived viral persistence and transmission, as well as continuing dialogue between public health and research communities in order to ensure that appropriate vaccination research continues. The immune system may face unforeseeable challenges when immunity in the community at large wanes in the post-immunization era, and even immunized individuals may be at risk.
|
From page 122... ...
The research community and pharmaceutical industry must make a concerted commitment to developing antiviral therapies for use as potential adjuvants for vaccine-preventable diseases. Immunoprophylaxis includes both nonspecific approaches to stimulation of innate antiviral defenses and specific prophylaxis clirected at particular pathogens.
|
From page 123... ...
Poliomyelitis can be prevented by the use of either an injected, formalin-inactivated vaccine (inactivated polio vaccine, IPV) , or a live, attenuated vaccine which is taken orally and replicates in the intestine (oral polio vaccine, OPV)
|
From page 124... ...
Amish community where many individuals refuse vaccination, 89% of unvaccinated children developed antibodies to type 2 poliovirus, presumably from circulation of the vaccine virus from neighboring areas where the vaccine was usecI. This ability to immunize non-vaccinated individuals is considered to be an advantage of OPV, especially in Third World countries where immunization levels are low and poor sanitation promotes extensive virus spread.
|
From page 125... ...
A paradox that arises in the post-OPV era is that it will be critically important to continue producing vaccine stocks for use in the event of a disease outbreak. In populations that have lost immunity to the virus, a poliovirus vaccine production facility will be a hazard equivalent to a bioweapons plant.
|
From page 126... ...
Today it is quite clear to many virologists that it might not be possible to eliminate poliovirus from the world. It therefore seems unfortunate that the poliovirus research establishment has been substantially depleted, especially since questions relevant to the eradication effort have not been adequately addressed.
|
From page 127... ...
Loeb Eminent Scholar Chair and Professor, Department of Pediatrics University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Prevention must take precedence over treatment of infectious diseases. In an age of unparalleled successful vaccination, particularly when the eradication of smallpox has been documented and the eradication of poliovirus is anticipated, one must question the necessity of developing antiviral drugs targeting infectious diseases slated for global eradication.
|
From page 128... ...
With the exception of limited monoclonal antibodies (e.g., palivizumab for respiratory syncytial viruses) , disease prevention has not been achieved by this modality.
|
From page 129... ...
Discontinuation of universal immunization will result in considerable cost savings. However, it will also eventually create a population susceptible to widespread infection in the event of reintroduction or re-emergence of the eradicated virus.
|
From page 130... ...
Nonspecific Inhibition of Virus Replication The first line of defense against viral infection is the innate immune response. Innate defenses not only act to control virus replication early after infection, but they also shape and influence the nature of subsequent specific immune responses.
|
From page 131... ...
These mechanisms may or may not be preserved in the tissue culture-adapted virus strains most often used for study. Several recombinant forms of both IFN-a and IFN-p are currently available and licensed for treatment of a variety of diseases, including multiple sclerosis, lymphoid tumors, and chronic viral infections (particularly hepatitis B and hepatitis C)
|
From page 132... ...
However, considerable research on toxicity and effectiveness would need to be performed before any of these agents could be considered for widespread prophylactic use. Specific Inhibition of Virus Replication Acquired immune responses provide specific protection against re-infection by many viral pathogens and, as such, serve as the basis for protection by immunization.
|
From page 133... ...
THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PROBIOTICS AND MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HOST DEFENSE Susanna Cunningham-R2`ndles, Ph.D. Professor of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY The human immune system provides host defense against sudden invasion from exogenous pathogenic microorganisms and viruses, while simultaneously maintaining continual surveillance against incursion from endogenous microbes.
|
From page 134... ...
In healthy people, microflora are normally present on all external surfaces and the internal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, perineum, vagina and distal urethra. They are usually absent from the internal surfaces of the bronchi, alveolar spaces, urinary tract, and uterus, as well as the blood, deep tissues, organs, and brain.
|
From page 135... ...
pyogenes on NK activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the short-term Cr5i release assay against K562. Data are given as percent specific release at three effecter target ratios.
|
From page 136... ...
that lactic acid bacteria would have a favorable effect on health, the concept of probiotic bacteria living microbes introduced into the body to improve intestinal microbial balance is recent (Fuller, 1989~. Probiotic bacteria have proven effective against antibiotic-associated diarrhea and certain persistent and clinically significant infections, such as C
|
From page 137... ...
Additionally, probiotic lactobacillus may prove useful in strengthening immune responses in persons whose host defense capacity has been compromised by chronic infection or short-term stressors. However, there are a few key questions concerning the use of probiotic bacteria in the immunodeficient host, including: .
|
From page 138... ...
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured in a microtiter plate assay and pulse labeled with 3H thymidine. Data show mean net maximum response to LP299v antigen in children grouped by CD4+ T cell level.
|
From page 139... ...
1997. Reduction of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization among premature infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia using respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin prophylaxis.
|
From page 140... ...
2000. Molecular and antigenic characterization of a highly evolved derivative of the type 2 oral poliovaccine strain isolated from sewage in Israel.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.