Integrity in Scientific Research Creating an Environment That Promotes Responsible Conduct (2002) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 16-32
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From page 16... ...
Major social institutions, including research institutions, are expected to be accountable to the public (Grinnell, 1999a; IOM, 2001; Yarborough and Sharp, 2002~. Fostering an environment that promotes integrity in the conduct of research is an important part of that accountability.
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From page 17... ...
Thus, recognition of preconceptions, biases, and the need for integrity in the research process is essential for maintaining scientific excellence and the public's trust. Integrity in research embodies above all an individual's commitment to intellectual honesty and personal responsibility and an institution's commitment to creating an environment that promotes responsible conduct (see Chapter 2~.
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From page 18... ...
ORIGINS OF THE STUDY Several specific cases of alleged fraud or other scientific misconduct have been widely covered by the press in the past decade; and the federal government, the National Academies, and numerous scientific societies have made a considerable effort to develop a definition of research misconduct and guidelines for handling allegations of research misconduct. Such allegations remain relatively rare, however, and investigations of
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From page 19... ...
In 1999, Secretary Shalala accepted the recommendations of the HHS Review Group on Research Misconduct and Research Integrity, and the primary focus of ORI shifted away from active investigation to education, oversight, and assurance, and, more recently, to research. The federal government firmly asserted its authority and discretion in setting conditions on the awarding of research grants.
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From page 20... ...
It has devoted much less attention to the task of fostering a research environment that promotes integrity. In 1999, the DHHS Review Group on Research Misconduct and Research Integrity recommended that "the role, mission, and structure of ORI change to become one of preventing misconduct and promoting integrity in research principally through oversight, education, and review of institutional findings and recommendations" (DHHS, 2000, p.
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From page 21... ...
, endeavor to promote the responsible conduct of research through broad educational efforts, such as national conferences and published reports. Efficacies of Efforts to Foster Integrity Opinions differ, and research is inconclusive, on which efforts to foster integrity are the most effective, but education consistently ranks high.
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From page 22... ...
(See Appendix B for an extensive discussion of the outcome measures used to assess integrity in the research environment.) To measure and monitor the climate of an institution, two kinds of indicators are used: the perceptions of members that the environment values and supports responsible conduct, discourages questionable practices, and censures misconduct (data can be collected by using surveys, interviews, or focus groups)
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From page 23... ...
NSF, since 1989, has funded a small number of projects related to research misconduct. Tables 1-2 and 1-3 detail information about eight funded projects directly related to integrity in research and four funded projects indirectly related to integrity in research, respectively.
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From page 24... ...
Searching on "research integrity" and "research misconduct" yielded zero hits. Searching on the term "scientific ethics" yielded 42 hits, but there was no overlap with the "misconduct" and "integrity" hits, and so these were ignored.
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From page 25... ...
As a result of the various elements and issues related to research and the research environment discussed above, running a laboratory requires more than the management of daily scientific activities. Success requires not only the intellectual ability to conduct research but also the capability to manage people and finances (and related conflicts of interest and commitment)
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From page 26... ...
Each discipline has different cultures, populations, and "generations" of scientists, including students, trainees, junior faculty and researchers, tenured faculty, staff scientists, technical assistants, and administrators. The research enterprise includes not only those actively conducting research but also research sponsors, human research subjects, administrative and financial support staff, statisticians, animal handlers, intellectual property and business development managers, suppliers, manufacturers, professional organizations, publishers of scientific journals, and a host of other players.
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15~. The principles of adult learning and the discussion of the development of abilities that give rise to responsible conduct described in Chapter 5 are applicable to educational efforts at all levels of adult education and across all scientific disciples.
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From page 28... ...
The report includes five supplementary appendixes to provide the reader with additional information: Appendix A discusses the committee's data sources and summarizes the findings of its literature review. Appendix B describes existing outcome measures that might be used as a framework to develop instruments to assess integrity in the research environment.
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From page 29... ...
Make recommendations regarding the adoption and implementation by research institutions, government agencies, scientific societies, and others (as appropriate) of those elements of the research environment identified to promote integrity in research.
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Professional consulting firms can spend years, and a significant budget, developing and validating assessment instruments. As such, the committee was not equipped to recommend specific methods and measures.
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From page 31... ...
2000. The Role and Activities of Scientific Societies in Promoting Research Integrity.
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From page 32... ...
2001a. Seven Studies Funded by Research Integrity Program.
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