Integrity in Scientific Research Creating an Environment That Promotes Responsible Conduct (2002) / Chapter Skim
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2 Integrity in Research
2 Integrity in Research
Pages 33-48
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From page 33... ...
. It is therefore incumbent on all scientists and scientific institutions to create and nurture a research environment that promotes high ethical standards, contributes to ongoing professional development, and preserves public confidence in the scientific enterprise (Grinnell, 1999; IOM, 2001; Resnik, 1998; Yarborough and Sharp, 2002~.
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From page 34... ...
For institutions, it is a matter of creating an environment that promotes responsible conduct by embracing standards of excellence, trustworthiness, and lawfulness that inform institutional practices. For the individual scientist, integrity embodies above all a commitment to intellectual honesty and personal responsibility for one's actions and to a range of practices that characterize responsible research conduct.
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From page 35... ...
These different organizational levels are interdependent in the conduct of research. Institutions seeking to create an environment that promotes responsible conduct by individual scientists and that fosters integrity must establish and continuously monitor structures, processes, policies, and procedures that: · provide leadership in support of responsible conduct of research; · encourage respect for everyone involved in the research enterprise; · promote productive interactions between trainees and mentors; · advocate adherence to the rules regarding all aspects of the conduct of research, especially research involving human subjects and animals; · anticipate, reveal, and manage individual and institutional conflicts of interest; · arrange timely and thorough inquiries and investigations of allegations of scientific misconduct and apply appropriate administrative sanctions; · offer educational opportunities pertaining to integrity in the conduct of research; and · monitor and evaluate the institutional environment supporting integrity in the conduct of research and use this knowledge for continuous quality improvement.
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From page 36... ...
The descriptions of an individual's work found in such communications frequently present selected data from the work organized into frameworks that emphasize conceptual understanding rather than the chronology of the discovery process. Clear and accurate research records must underlie these descriptions, however.
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A delicate balance pervades the peer-review system, because the best reviewers are precisely those individuals who have the most to gain from "insider information": they are doing similar work and they will be unable to "strike" from memory and thought what they learn through the review process. Investigators serving as peer reviewers should treat submitted manuscripts and grant applications fairly and confidentially and avoid using them inappropriately.
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From page 38... ...
Protection of Human Subjects in the Conduct of Research The protection of individuals who volunteer to participate in research is essential to integrity in research. The ethical principles underlying such research have been elaborated on in international codes and have been integrated into national regulatory frameworks (in the United States, 45 C.F.R.
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From page 39... ...
focuses specifically on the important topic of research involving human subjects, and further discussion is not included here. Humane Care of Animals in the Conduct of Research The humane care of animals is essential for producing sound science and its social benefits.
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With regard to such mentor-trainee relationships, responsibilities include a commitment to continuous education and guidance of trainees, appropriate delegation of responsibility, regular review and constructive appraisal of trainees, fair attribution of accomplishment and authorship, and career guidance, as well as help in creating opportunities for employment and funding. For the trainee, essential elements include respect for the mentor, loyalty to the research group, a strong commitment to science, dedication to the project, careful performance of experiments, precise and complete record keeping, accurate reporting of results, and a commitment to oral and written presentations and publication.
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From page 41... ...
Encourage Respect for Everyone Involved in the Research Enterprise An environment that fosters competence and honest interactions among all participants in the investigative process supports the integrity of research. Institutions have many legally mandated policies that foster mutual respect and trust for example, policies concerning harassment, occupational health and safety, fair employment practices, pay and benefits, protection of research subjects, exposure to ionizing radiation, and due process regarding allegations of research misconduct.
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From page 42... ...
. Fair enforcement of all institutional policies is a critical element of the institutional commitment to integrity in research.
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Advocate Adherence to the Rules Regarding All Aspects of the Conduct of Research, Especially Research Involving Human Subjects and Animals Effective advocacy by an institution of the rules involving the use of human subjects and animals in research involves much more than simply posting the relevant federal, state, and local regulations and providing "damage control" and formal sanctions when irregularities are discovered. At all levels of the institution, including the level of the dean, department chair, research group leader, and individual research group member, regular affirmation of the guiding principles underlying the rules is essential.
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The special circumstances associated with research involving human subjects should be specifically addressed. Beyond meeting their responsibility to ensure the dissemination and understanding of their policies, institutions should develop means to monitor compliance equitably.
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These offerings should encourage open discussion of the values at stake and the ethical standards that promote responsible research practices. The core objective of such education is to increase participants' knowledge and sensitivity to the issues associated with integrity in research and to improve their ability to make ethical choices.
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From page 46... ...
Monitor and Evaluate the Institutional Environment Supporting Integrity in the Conduct of Research and Use This Knowledge for Continuous Quality Improvement The main thrust of this report reflects the need for continuing attention toward sustaining and improving a culture of integrity in research. This requires diligent oversight by institutional management to ensure that the practices associated with integrity described above are carried out.
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From page 47... ...
2001. Mentors, advisors and supervisors: Their role in teaching responsible research conduct.
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From page 48... ...
2000. Required Education in the Protection of Human Research Participants NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts, June 5, 2000 (Revised August 25, 2000~.
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