Materials and Man's Needs Materials Science and Engineering (1974) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Priorities in Materials Research: COSMAT Questionnaire Methodogy and Some Results
Appendix A: Priorities in Materials Research: COSMAT Questionnaire Methodogy and Some Results
Pages 189-212
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From page 189... ...
189 APPENDIX A PRIORITIES IN MATERIALS RESEARCH COSMAT QUESTIONNAIRE METHODOLOGY AND SOME RESULTS The goal of the questionnaire used by COSMAT was to determine priorities among topics in basic and applied research in materials science and engineering, as viewed by scientists and engineers knowledgeable in the field. Some 2,800 questionnaires were mailed out using a mailing list which was selected to provide representative coverage of materials science arid engineering.
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From page 190... ...
The data presented here are condensed from a more extensive analysis of the replies to the questionnaire, which will be included in a later COSMAT report. The fuller report will also give breakdowns of responses by various subgroups selected according to academic discipline, highest degree, age, type of institution, type of activity, and management level.
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From page 191... ...
. This method of analysis provided a rating of the overall importance of materials science and engineering to each Area of Impact as rated by persons expert in it.
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From page 192... ...
In addition, for each chosen Subarea of Impact, priority ratings were obtained for research activities according to the various disciplines comprising materials science and engineering. The respondents also indicated their degree of familiarity with each of the disciplines.
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Thermodynamic Thermal Mechanical and Acoustic Optical Electrical Magnetic Dielectric Nuclear Chemical and Electrochemical Biological Classes of Materials Ceramics Glasses and Amorphous Materials Elemental and Compound Semiconductors Inorganic, Nonmetallic Elements and Compounds Ferrous Metals and Alloys Nonferrous Structural Metals and Alloys Nonferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys Plastics Fibers and Textiles Rubbers Composites Organic and Organo Metallic Compounds Thin Films Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers Prosthetic and Medical Materials Plain and Reinforced Concrete Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials Wood and Paper Processes for Materials Extraction, Purification, Refining Synthesis and Polymerization Solidification and Crystal Growth Metal Deformation and Processing Plastics Extrusion and Molding Heat Treatment Material Removal Joining Powder Processing Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy Radiation Treatment Plating and Coating Chemical Testing and Nondestructive Testing Familiarity of Respondents 61 54 61 60 54 60 48 55 45 43 41 49 20 54 52 47 50 58 53 51 40 28 24 45 28 43 33 23 21 21 16 20 43 33 59 49 29 58 44 47 43 43 35 42 39 62 Priority for Basic Research 68 69 53 64 57 70 61 66 52 52 60 70 56 72 68 62 59 59 63 57 65 46 42 70 51 62 58 43 54 31 27 30 60 61 66 56 43 55 51 61 56 58 55 55 51 71
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From page 194... ...
19 25 Leisure and Sports Equipment 4 26 Packaging and Containers 34 27 Printing and Photography 25 Total 141 30 DEFENSE AND SPACE 39 31 Military Aircraft 81 32 Missiles 38 33 Naval Vessels 25 34 Ordnance and Weapons 38 35 Radar and Military Communications 46 36 Spacecraft 54 37 Undersea Equipment 35 Total 356 40 ENERGY 35 41 Batteries and Fuel Cells 100 42 Direct Conversion 62 43 Electronic Transmission and Distribution 64 44 Fuel Transmission and Distribution 9 45 Nuclear Reactors 92 46 Thermonuclear Fusion 54 47 Turbines and Generators 66 Total 482 50 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 28 51 Mining and Raw Materials Extraction 65 52 Pollution 83 53 Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal 94 54 Reliability, Safety, Maintainability 25 55 Substitution Opportunities 19 56 Working Conditions 10 Total 324
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195 TABLE A-2 (Cont'd.] Code Number of Number Areas and Subareas Responses 60 HEALTH SERVICES 14 61 Artificial Organs 39 62 Medical Electronics 13 63 Medical Equipment (including dental]
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From page 196... ...
In an attempt to take account of these interplays, relative priority levels were determined from the rating numbers by three different methods: Uncorrected for Familiarity Respondents were divided into four groups according to the discipline of their highest degree -- chemists, physicists, metallurgists (including ceramists) , and engineers.
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From page 197... ...
o MICRO (OPT ) 1 5 20 25 30 Figure A-1 35 40 45 AVERAGE FA MIL IARIT Y 50 55 Relationship between Priority Ratings for Basic Research in Various Specialties and Familiarity Ratings of the Respondents in the Specialties.
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From page 198... ...
The relative priority levels for basic research in the specialties depended somewhat on the method of analysis. For example, among Processes, research in radiation treatment was rated as low priority by the method uncorrected for familiarity, but was rated as moderate priority after correcting for familiarity, and as very high priority by the experts in radiation treatment.
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From page 199... ...
Corrosion, stress corrosion, and oxidation (in aqueous systems, biological media, and hot gases; of aluminum, titanium, iron and steel, ceramics, thin films, concrete, and refractories; role of surface states, defects, and impurities)
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Biocompatibility (materials with physical and chemical properties matching adjacent hard and soft tissue; nature of surface mechanisms of interaction of materials with cells and proteins, blood adsorption; correlation between
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Automatic monitoring (simultaneous checking of several parameters to monitor manufacturing processes) Prediction of service life (accelerated aging testing, service environment testing, in-service indicators of incipient failure)
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From page 202... ...
, in order to arrive at the Overall Rating for each specialty relative to each Area of Impact, as indicated in Table 15. Several specialties stand out with high-priority ratings almost across the board: Chemical properties, for example, are rated as high priority for basic research and for several impact areas.
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From page 203... ...
Under processes, testing was of the most widespread priority, with joining, polymer synthesis, and plastics extrusion and molding also rated high in many areas. Although the above specialties received the broadest priority ratings, in certain Areas of Impact other specialties were ranked of equal or greater importance.
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From page 204... ...
* Optical: optical properties; displays, solid-state lasers; light-emitting diodes; nonlinear optical materials; optical communications; low loss optical fibers for optical communications; optical modulators; optical storage *
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* Glasses and Amorphous Materials : optical transmission; int egret ed optics; laser windows; amorphous semiconductors; radiation-hard switches; radiation damage; glass for passivation; glass~metal seals *
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* Mechanical and Acoustic: higher strength/weight; lightweight armor; high strength; mechanical properties of composites; high-temperature materials; fatigue; corrosion fatigue; crack propagation; high-temperatur~ fatigue; creep resistance; fracture toughness; impact resistance; fatigue resistance; undersea equipment; materials for pressure hulls *
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From page 207... ...
* Chemical: batteries; higher energy density; improved electrodes; lower weight; longer life; catalysts for batteries; new container materials for batteries; corrosion of cables, of heat exchangers, of turbine blades; radiation effects on corrosion; high-temperature corrosion *
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* Extraction, Purification, Refining: improved extraction methods; improved incineration methods; recovery and recycling of wastes; control of pollution and environmental degradation caused by mining and extraction; develop sorting mechanisms and recovery procedures for scrap Health Services Properties *
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* Plastics Extrusion and Molding: precision forming; controlled porosity; artificial organs; heart valves; membranes *
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* Mechanical and Acoustical: low assembly costs ; high stiffness and strength; improved 'twarmthit of plastics; effects of rolling loads on road surfaces; durability *
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* Metal Deformation and Processing: more automation; improved casting, nondestructive testing evaluation; improved fabrication methods; new foundry processes; lower cost
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From page 212... ...
* Material Removal: improved shaping methods; lower cost; more efficient methods *
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