Down to Earth Geographic Information for Sustainable Development in Africa (2002) / Chapter Skim
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6 Geographic Data for Sustainable Development II: Other Thematic Data
6 Geographic Data for Sustainable Development II: Other Thematic Data
Pages 79-103
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Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa is promoting the establishment of a regional telecommunications network to increase trade among the member states.
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should continue to assist African countries in improving telecommunications infrastructure so that large computer files containing geographic data can be readily distributed within national anti global spatial data infrastructures. Fixed-line and Wireless Telephone Service In 2001 total telephone use (fixed-line plus wireless telephones)
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Facilitating the Use of Geographic Data ~~r~.,< Hi_ (~-_ 81 If_ ~w ~ i 'it \~ ~J ..~u ~ ~ .
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The high cost of computers limits the rate of Tnternet diffusion and access to geographic data clearinghouses. Most personal and mainframe computers are in South Afiica, and most of them are confined to ministries of finance (for government payroll)
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Facilitating the Use of Geographic Data 83 Internet Infrastructure In November 1991 South Africa established the first Internet connection in Aflica and continues to lead in Internet-relatec3 developments (Table 4-4~. Eritrea, the last country to be connected, linked up in November 2000 (FLU, 2001~.
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84 ~ it: ~ .~ :!
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Nonetheless, for now at least the preferred method of geographic data transfer is the compact disk. VAT are direct links to communication satellites, typically using antennas less than 2 meters in diameter.
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86 DOWN TO EARTH Media Media such as radio, television, and print are important for mass dissemination of geographic information (derived from analyses of raw data) on such topics as food security, human and livestock health, weather, environmental quality, and potential or evolving natural disasters.
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Many of these photographs have spatial resolutions similar to Landsat Thematic Mapper and Terra MODIS data. They indicate land cover and, in areas with repeat coverage, any change in this parameter since 1961.
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FIGURE 6-8 A land-cover map of Mount Kilimanjaro from the EarthSat GeoCover land-cover mapping project. The map contains 13 classes and was derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery obtained in the early l990s.
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Slides, prints, or high-resolution uncompressed digital files are available for the cost of processing. The Future of Land-Cover Data Sources for Africa There are low-cost sources of coarse and medium spatial resolution land-cover information for Africa.
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Therefore, USAID should conDOWN TO EARTH sider purchasing very high spatial resolution images (i.e., < 1 x 1 m) on a regular basis (at 5 to 10 year intervals)
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(Annex Box 6-41. MODIS data have higher spatial resolution (up to 250 x 250 m)
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Research over the last three decades has made it possible to obtain rainfall rates using remote passive microwave sensors (Annex Box 6-64. Two sources of rainfall data are the DMSP Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I)
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The mission's passive microwave sensor (the TRMM Microwave Imager, TMI) supplies quantitative rainfall information at a spatial resolution of 5 to 45 km.
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It also develops remote-sensing-based models of disease transmission risk (Beck et al., 20001. CHAART conducts several research projects in Africa that apply remotely sensed data (mainly from Landsat Thematic Mapper images)
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From this study it became clear that remotesensing could extend the capability of the ministry to manage schistosomiasis in Egypt. FIGURE 6-16 Average rainfall during January 1998 from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission passive microwave sensor.
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~. SUMMARY Many types of thematic geographic data such as land cover, biophysical data, and some data for managing human health are, with the exception of very high spatial resolution urban land-cover data, available at low cost for addressing Agenda 21 issues in Africa.
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2001. Improving Global Analysis and Short-range Forecasts using Rainfall and Moisture Observations Derived from TRMM and SSM/I Passive Microwave Sensors.
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1990. Applications of polar-orbiting, meteorological satellite data to detect flooding in Rift Valley Fever virus vector mosquito habitats in Kenya.
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It has crosstrack and along-track pointing capability and a nominal swath width of 11 km. The Quickbird satellite, launched by DigitalGlobe has a linear array remote-sensing system that acquires 61 x 61 cm spatial resolution panchromatic data (0.45-0.90 ,um)
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NOAA-J (14) Spring 2008 June 2003 January 2008 December 2003 June 24 2002 September 21 2000 May 13 1998 December 1 994 ANNEX BOX 6-3 National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS)
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and ANPP (Annual Net Primary Production) Enhanced Land Cover and Land Cover Chance ANNEX BOX 6-5 Calculation of Vegetation Indexes from AVHRR data Vegetation indexes from AVHRR data are based on mathematical modeling of spectral reflectance measurement in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Aircraft sensors flying closer to the ground may have spatial resolutions measured in meters while most satellite passive microwave scanning radiometers have a spatial resolution measured in kilometers (Jensen, 2000~. Rainfall Detection from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program The Special Sensor Microwave/lmager (SSM/I)
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GEOGRAPHIC DATA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT II: OTHER THEMATIC DATA ANNEX TABLE 6-1 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Line Scan and SSM/I Data Available for Distribution from the Various Satellites (e.g., F10 to F14) 103 Sensor F10 F11 F12 F1 3 F14 Or ~ 4112/92-218195a 4112192-4122195a 9/25/94-present 4/24/95-present 4/28/97-present SSM/I 4/12192-11/14197 4112192-4122195 Nonea 4/24/95-present 4/28/97-present 4/2 1/97-present aData stopped due to sensor problems.
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