Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2005) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Index
Index
Pages 1275-1318
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 1275... ...
amino acid metabolism, 618, 619 See also Body fat content basal metabolism, 201 Adolescents, ages 9 through 18 years. See to carbohydrate-free diet, 277-278, 293 also Puberty/pubertal development defined, 149, 973 added sugars, 1206-1209, 1216-1219 in energy balance, 149-151, 201, 220, ages 9 through 13 years, 35, 386, 463 223-224, 452 464, 470, 624-627, 631, 665, 673-674, glucose metabolism, 277-278 769, 1126-1129, 1138-1143, 1172 growth impairment as, 151, 220, 437 1173, 1178-1181, 1206-1207, 1216 to high-fat diets, 452 1217, 1232-1233, 1238-1239 pregnancy and lactation, 34, 47, 197, ages 14 through 18 years, 35, 193, 201 290, 291, 650 202, 292, 293, 386, 389-390, 463-464, to protein metabolism, 47, 276, 279, 465-466, 470, 471-472, 674-675, 729, 605, 611, 650, 657, 694 769, 1128-1129, 1143-1145, 1181 to starvation, 277-279, 605 1183, 1208-1209, 1218-1219, 1232 weight as, 150 1233, 1238-1239 Adequate Intakes (AIs)
|
From page 1276... ...
, 459, 945, 1232-1233, 695, 887, 983-984, 701, 703, 720, 727, 1238-1239 729, 730, 1146-1159, 1164-1167, fatty acids, 456, 1232-1233, 1238-1239 1184-1187, 1190-1195, 1210-1211, fiber, 385-386, 388-389, 391, 394, 1232- 1220-1223, 1234-1235, 1240-1241 1233, 1238-1239 ages 51 years and older, 33-34, 66, 138, glucose metabolism, 288-289 143-144, 289, 296, 303, 358, 371, 388, growth and development, 33, 142, 175, 396, 398, 447, 450-452, 464, 548-549, 177, 181, 182, 459, 654 602, 603, 608, 634, 660, 661, 697, lactation, 293, 389-390, 465-466, 471-472, 704, 711, 723, 725, 734, 736-737, 841, 659 887, 922, 1150-1153, 1158-1163, maintenance requirement, 667 1186-1191, 1194-1199, 1214-1215, nitrogen balance studies, 624-627, 632, 1224-1225, 1236-1237, 1242-1243 664-666 AIs, 26, 33-34, 387-388, 464-466, 470-472 nutrient intakes with added sugars, allergies, 692 1206-1209, 1216-1219 AMDRs, 285, 769, 809, 826, 844, 941 obese or overweight, 181, 216-219, 312, amino acids, 594, 599, 607, 613, 614, 459, 1172-1173, 1178-1183, 1200, 668, 669, 670-680, 686-688, 690-691, 1202 692, 703, 720, 726 physical activity, 176-181, 182, 880, 883, bioavailability of nutrients, 34 902-907, 911-912, 924, 1126-1129, BMI, 35, 36, 121, 124-130, 131, 310, 1138-1145, 1172-1173, 1178-1183 1078-1087, 1098-1103 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 463-464, 465- body composition data, 1078-1103 466, 469-470, 471-472 body fat content, 111, 124-125, 126, 128 pregnancy, 48, 193, 201-202, 292, 389, 130, 131, 1078-1101 465, 471-472, 650-652, 654-655 bone mineral density, 66 protein, 624-629, 631, 632-633, 665, 670, brain utilization of glucose, 285-289 769 carbohydrates, 265, 277, 285-289, 294 RDAs, 285, 292, 293, 631-632, 655, 670, 295, 769, 809, 1234-1237, 1240-1243 673-675 catabolic stress, 594 reference weights and heights, 35, 136- CHD risk, 303, 366, 387-388, 777-784, 137, 176, 178, 659, 670, 983 797-798
|
From page 1277... ...
See also Adolescents; Adults; hyperinsulinemia, 784-785 Children; Infants; Life-stage groups low fat, high carbohydrate diets, 772-792 BMR, 131, 143 malnutrition, 608 carbohydratelipid oxidation balance, methodological considerations, 47-48 922 monounsaturated fatty acids, 432 energy expenditure, 117, 143-144, 157, nitrogen balance studies, 275, 287, 618, 158, 159-161, 181, 183 633-643, 661 and energy requirements, 183, 647 nutrient intakes with sugars, 1210-1215, fat absorption, 447, 450-452 1220-1225 glucose metabolism, 289 obese and overweight, 122-123, 792-797, insulin resistance, 62 1184-1199, 1201 physical activity, 143-144, 922, 924 peak bone mass, 33 and protein reserve, 595, 602, 640-641, physical activity, 66, 138, 143-144, 183- 642 184, 186-189, 883, 895-903, 911-912, reporting of dietary intakes, 117 1184-1199 RMR, 143 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 433, 435, sensitivity to nutrient toxicity, 92 464, 470-472, 478 and sugar intakes, 323 protein, 287-288, 595, 602, 605, 608, TEF, 134, 143, 165, 171, 179 611-612, 633-649, 660, 661, 668, 686- weight gain, 143, 167 688, 690-691, 692, 695, 769, 841 Alanine (dispensable) , 276, 591, 593, 594, RDAs, 33, 47, 265, 289-290, 292, 293, 596, 597, 604, 605, 606, 696-697, 736, 603, 644-645, 649, 667-669, 679-680 992-993 reference heights and weights, 35, 124, Alaska Natives, 275, 284, 693 125, 126, 128-130, 983-984 Albumin, 304-305, 430, 602, 609, 610 renal function, 34 Alcohol reserve capacity and functioning, 33-34 dietary intakes, 49, 110, 1064-1065 saturated fatty acids, 474, 835, 1234- energy contribution, 109, 771, 1064-1065 1237, 1240-1243 and fatty acid oxidation, 109, 453
|
From page 1278... ...
See also Protein; individual 703, 711, 712, 717, 719, 720, 723, amino acids 725, 726, 728, 729, 730, 731, 733-734, absorption, 621 736 adaptations in metabolism, 618, 619 EARs, 589, 619, 664-679, 680-681, 688 adverse effects of, 696, 697-698, 701-703, excretion, 604 705-708, 711-712, 713-717, 720, 721- factorial estimate, 614, 666-669 723, 724-726, 727, 729, 730-733, 734- food sources, 48, 712-713, 714 735 free, 596-597, 599, 602, 603, 620, 692, AIs, 662-663 721 alcoholism and, 704 function, 9, 38, 589, 590, 696, 697, 701, animal studies, 671, 696, 697-698, 701- 704-705, 712, 720-721, 725, 729, 731, 702, 703, 705, 707-708, 711-712, 713- 734, 736 714, 720, 721-722, 724, 725-726, 727, and gastrointestinal disturbances, 698, 729, 730-732, 734-735 700, 714, 720, 722, 724, 726, 733 and appetite or eating behavior, 707, genotoxicity, 720 709, 710, 713, 730, 731-732 gluconeogenesis from, 276, 278, 288 and asthma, 716-717 289, 604, 606 and behavior, 697, 701, 713, 714, 721, and growth, 598, 607, 665, 666, 669, 697, 727, 729 701, 707, 710, 713, 719, 720, 721, bioavailability, 685 724, 725, 728 and body fat, 713
|
From page 1279... ...
INDEX 1279 hazard identification, 696-699, 700, 701- nutritional and metabolic classification, 703, 704-710, 711-717, 718-719, 720, 593-594 721-723, 724-726, 727, 729, 730-733, and obesity, 701, 704, 732 734-735 opthalmologic effects, 711, 714, 720, and herpes infections, 724 722, 729, 734, 735, 736 high-protein diets and, 712 parenteral nutrition and, 699, 705, 714, homeostasis, 595-598 718, 719, 722-723 hormonal effects, 715 and physical exercise, 702, 705-706 human studies, 608-699, 702-703, 705- planning and assessing intakes, 961-963 706, 712, 714-715, 720, 722-723, 724- plasma amino acid response method, 725, 726, 727, 729, 730, 731-733, 735 614-615, 670-671 imbalances in, 707, 708-709, 710, 726 precursors of nonprotein products, 608 and immune function, 697-698, 699 protective effects, 726 indicator amino acid oxidation method, quality of protein source, 661, 662, 684 617-619, 670-671, 676, 677, 678 690, 721 indicators for estimating requirements, RDAs, 47, 672-675, 679-680, 681, 682 613-619 reproductive effects, 701, 712, 713, 715 individual variability in requirements, research recommendations, 737-738 614, 665-666, 679 risk characterization, 737 insulin sensitivity, 696, 701, 705, 710 scoring, 14, 589, 662, 685, 686-691 intake assessment, 736-737 selection of indicators for estimating interactions with other nutrients, 721- requirements, 613-619 723, 725, 726, 731 and somnolence, 698, 700, 722, 733 by life stage and gender group, 662-682, special considerations, 728 992-1027 and starvation, 693, 704 limiting, 602, 611, 614, 669, 685, 689, supplementation, 695-735 690, 691 synthesis, 275, 701, 712, 717, 723, 729, and lipid profiles, 721, 724 734 liver function and, 704, 705, 721 and taste and smell acuity, 722 losses, 601, 614 teratogenic effects, 708, 728 low-protein diets, 697, 707, 709, 721, trauma and, 596, 605 731-732 24-hour amino acid balance method, maintenance, 666, 667-669, 672-675 616-617, 670-671, 676, 677 and malnutrition, 704 ULs, 695-737 maple syrup urine disease, 704, 706 variance in requirements, 688 metabolic disorders, 697, 700, 704, 705, and weight, 697, 698, 700, 707, 709, 713, 706, 710, 714, 727, 728, 735 721, 724, 730, 731-732, 734 metabolic pathways, 597-598, 600, 617, Amino sugars, 684 660, 697, 701, 704, 705, 717, 719, Ammonia, 56, 375, 377, 603, 604, 605, 684, 724, 726, 728-729, 731 697, 714, 717-718, 719 neurological effects, 696, 699, 701-702, Amylopectin, 267-268, 269, 272 703, 704-705, 706, 711, 714, 715, 717, Amylose, 267, 272 718, 719, 727, 728, 733 Animal studies nitrogen balance studies, 612, 613-614, advantages, 94-95, 97 618, 662, 664-666, 670-671, 676, 677, amino acids, 671, 696, 697-698, 701-702, 678, 688 707-708, 711-712, 713-714, 720, 721nitrogen metabolism, 278, 603-605, 718, 722, 724, 725-726, 727, 729, 730-732, 720 734-735 nitrogen utilization through nonprotein carbohydrate, 40, 275 pathways, 607-608 cholesterol, 548, 562 colon cancer, 377
|
From page 1280... ...
See also Nitrogen balance Aspartame, 695, 702-703, 727 studies Aspartic acid/aspartate (dispensable) , 591, cholesterol, 543-544 592, 593, 594, 597, 604, 605, 608, defined, 40 695, 709, 736, 996-997 limitations of, 40-41, 617, 676 Association of Official Analytical Chemists methionine, 677 International, 340, 344 24-hour amino acid method, 616-617 Assessment of nutrient intakes zinc bioavailability, 394 added sugars, 957 Basal energy expenditure (BEE)
|
From page 1281... ...
See also Hypertension and energy expenditure, 112-114, 115, amino acids and, 735 131, 141, 164-165, 171, 178-179, 185, fiber and, 60 188-190, 195 physical activity and, 60 and energy requirement, 164-165, 171, polyunsaturated fatty acids and, 59, 829 178-179, 185, 188-190, 195-196 trans fatty acids and, 504 ethnic differences, 146 weight and, 204 FFM and, 139 Body composition and size. See also Body fat gender differences, 141 content; Fat-free mass; Fat mass; infants, 164-165, 1106-1114 Obesity and overweight lactation, 195-196 adolescents, 142, 178, 181 measurement, 165, 171, 185, 188 adults, 1078-1103 menstrual cycle and, 140, 141 and BMR, 131, 141 pregnancy, 185, 188-191, 291 CLA and, 836-837 protein balance and, 598 and energy expenditure, 65, 112, 117, sedentary individuals, 115 131-135, 138, 139, 141 Basal requirement, 24 gender differences, 128, 142, 1078-1103 Beans.
|
From page 1282... ...
chemistry, 704-705, 707, 709, 710, 711, adults, 35, 36, 121, 124-130, 131, 310, 714, 721, 731, 732, 734, 735 1078-1087, 1098-1103 cholesterol synthesis by infants, 545, 548 and body fat content, 121, 124-125, 126, glucose metabolism, 38, 265, 273, 276, 128-130, 1080-1087, 1098-1101 277, 279-280, 285-289 and cancer, 238-239 macronutrients needed by, 771 and CHD, 124, 232-233 pituitary adenomas, 396 children, 35, 36, 65, 130-131, 216, 814, polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency 1114-1121 and, 444-445, 466, 468 and chronic disease, 224, 226-239, Bran, 350, 353, 355, 356, 359, 367, 368, 371, 303 372, 378, 394, 395, 838 cutoffs, 121, 126 Breast cancer defined, 121 arginine and, 698-699, 700 and diabetes type 2, 124, 226-229 BMI and, 238-239 fat intake and, 814 case-control studies, 54, 378 fiber consumption and, 352, 379, 383, cholesterol intake and, 568, 574-575 384 conjugated linoleic acid and, 837, 838 gender differences, 125-129, 1078-1087, cross-cultural studies, 54, 377-378 1098-1103 epidemiological studies, 54 glycemic index and, 313 fat intake and, 54, 55, 486, 512-513, 808, healthy, 121, 124, 126 843 and height, 1080-1081 fiber intake and, 56, 377-380 as indicator of energy requirement, 121, intervention studies, 378-379 124-131 monounsaturated fatty acid intake and, infants, 1106-1114 819 methodological issues, 121, 124-125 physical activity and, 57 and mortality, 484 polyunsaturated fatty acids and, 825, 833 obesity, 126, 204, 216, 310, 313 prospective studies, 378 PAL and, 220, 223, 814, 911 protein intake and, 843-844 previous median vs. new median, 35 sugar intake and, 319-320 protein intake and, 843 Breastfeeding.
|
From page 1283... ...
See also Glucose; and lipid oxidation, 917-923 Glycemic index; High fat, low and lipid profile, 275, 277, 278-279, 297 carbohydrate diets; Low fat, high 303, 781, 782-784 carbohydrate diets; Starch; Sugar; low carbohydrate diets, 293, 430, 784, individual life-stage groups 792-810 adaptation to starvation, 277-278, 293
|
From page 1284... ...
See also 697 Atherosclerosis; Coronary artery constipation, 370-371, 385-386 disease; Coronary heart disease dental caries, 296 cholesterol intake, 546, 548, 549, 560, derivation of DRIs, 32 562 diarrhea, 438 lipid profile and, 302, 562-569 EARs, 25, 32, 34, 46-47, 284, 631, 664 monounsaturated fatty acids and, 485- 669, 672-673 486 EERs, 107, 130-131, 168-170, 171, 174 physical exercise and, 60-61, 927 177, 216-219 Carnitine, 430, 607, 608, 723, 724 energy expenditure, 116, 134-135, 138, Carnosine, 721 141, 146, 148, 161-164, 174, 1114-1127 Carotenoids, 424, 785, 792-793 energy intakes, 54, 65, 170, 386, 473, Catecholamines, 608, 735 474, 814, 1226-1231 Caucasians epilepsy, 284 carbohydrate-free diet, 275 extrapolation of data from adults to, 25, energy expenditure, 145-146 26-27, 34, 47, 284 pubertal development, 33 factorial method, 628, 631, 666-669 Cell growth and proliferation, 55 fat (dietary) , 437, 438, 441, 459, 769, Cell surface adhesion proteins, 490 810, 814-816, 945, 1226-1227, 1230Cellulose (dietary or functional fiber)
|
From page 1285... ...
malnutrition, 167, 608-609, 839 absorption, 4, 60, 359, 369, 543-544, 561 methodological considerations, 25, 47-48 animal studies, 548, 562 micronutrient intakes with adverse effects of, 549, 558-573 macronutrients, 220, 811-814, 816, balance studies, 543-544 1204-1205, 1228-1231 and cancer, 54, 568, 570-579 nitrogen balance studies, 624-627, 664- and cardiovascular disease, 546, 548, 666 549, 560, 562 of obese parents, 133 and CHD, 58, 542, 548, 562-569, 572, obesity or overweight, 65, 130, 134, 140, 573, 836 153, 216-219, 307, 310, 312-313, 459, and diabetes type 2, 563 811, 814, 923, 1168-1179, 1200, 1202 dietary intake, 549, 550-559, 563, 960, PAL, 166, 1122-1127, 1128-1139, 1168- 1058-1059 1179 doseresponse assessment, 568-573 phenylketonuria, 619 epidemiological studies, 562-569 physical activity, 66, 138, 140, 146, 171, food sources, 48, 544, 545, 546-549, 836 174, 880, 883, 902-907, 911-912, 924 function, 4, 542, 543 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 438, 444, hazard identification, 549-568 463, 469-470 high cholesterol diets, 545, 836 protein, 25, 284, 608-609, 611, 624-629, by life stage and gender group, 546-549, 631, 667-669, 686, 687, 689, 692, 769, 1058-1059 811, 839-840 and lipid profile, 544-545, 548-562, 563, RDAs, 25, 34, 47, 265, 285, 631-632, 670, 568-569, 573 672-673 and lipoprotein metabolism, 544-545, saturated fatty acids, 474, 816, 835, 1226- 548-562, 563, 568-569, 573 1227, 1230-1231 low cholesterol diets, 546, 561, 835 special considerations, 216-219 metabolism, 4, 429, 544-546, 562 stunting, 151, 217, 220, 221, 222, 811, oxidation products, 545-546 840 reducing intakes, 836 sugar intakes, 307-310, 813-814, 1204- research recommendations, 574-575, 1205 578 TEE, 134-135, 148, 161-164, 166, 174, risk characterization, 573-574 217, 1114-1127, 1128-1139, 1168- Cholesterol (plasma/serum total)
|
From page 1286... ...
See also individual diseases protective effects, 428, 836-838 BMI and, 224, 226-239, 303 supplements, 837 body weight gain and, 224, 226-239 Constipation, 353, 355, 358, 370-371, 372, fat-related risks, 437-438, 460 379, 385-386, 388 knowledge gaps on intake relationships Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by to, 771-772, 970 Individuals physical activity and, 912-917 adjustments to data, 49-50 preventive effects of macronutrients, See dietary intake data, 294-295, 314-315, Protective effects of macronutrients 391, 457, 461, 473, 474, 477, 478, protein intakes and, 694 480, 549, 695, 788, 790-791, 799, 943, Chylomicrons, 429, 430, 432, 543, 544 1028-1065, 1226-1243 Citric acid cycle, 430, 606 survey design, 49 Citrulline, 604, 607, 717 Copper, 721, 723, 790-791 Climate, and energy expenditure and Cori cycle, 287, 607 requirements, 146-149 Corn syrups, 266, 294 Collagen, 593, 595, 729 Coronary artery disease, 60-61, 434, 563, Colon cancer 815, 842-843. See also Coronary heart ammonia and, 375, 377 disease animal studies, 377 Coronary heart disease BMI and, 238-239 amino acids and, 726 cholesterol intake and, 568, 576-577 aortic fatty streaks during childhood colonic adenomas, 56, 238-239, 321, 371, and, 815 374, 375-376, 398 BMI and, 124, 232-233 epidemiological studies, 373-374 carbohydrate intake and, 59, 303, 797, fat intake and, 54, 55, 371, 486, 514-515, 798-799, 800-801 808 cholesterol intake and, 58, 542, 548, 562 fiber intake and, 55-56, 321, 348, 373- 569, 572, 573, 836 377 epidemiological studies, 362-365, 562 glycemic index of diet and, 310-311, 321 569, 797-798, 800-801, 817, 820-821, intervention studies, 374-375, 376-377 826-828 markers for, 374 fat intake and, 58-59, 437-438, 460, 769, monounsaturated fatty acids and, 819 797-799, 802 physical activity and, 56-57 fiber intake and, 59-60, 322, 339, 356, polyunsaturated fatty acids and, 833 362-368, 369, 387-388, 389, 563 protein intake and, 843 gender and, 363, 364 risk factors, 373 genetic factors, 57 Colon health, fiber and, 55-56, 339, 348, glycemic index and, 303, 308-311 358, 370-377, 385-386, 388 high fat, low carbohydrate diets, 797Colonic adenomas, 56, 238-239, 321, 371, 802, 814-815 374, 375-376, 398 homocysteine and, 726 Colorectal cancer, 54, 55, 321, 486, 514-515, intervention studies, 365-368, 798-799, 808, 833, 837 817-818, 821, 828-831
|
From page 1287... ...
, 589, 591, gender differences, 380, 381 592, 593, 594, 601, 607, 608, 614, genetic factors, 62 663-665, 666, 668, 672-675, 677, 678, glycemic index and, 63, 302, 304-307, 679-682, 683, 685, 686, 687, 689, 711- 308-309, 322 712, 736, 998-999 glycemic response, 268, 271 HDL cholesterol and, 308-309 high fat, low carbohydrate diets and, D 802-808 insulin resistance, 63, 275, 303, 306-307, Data and database issues 308-312, 784-785 adjustments to survey data, 49-50 intervention studies, 381-382, 785, 786 critical data set, 98 787, 806-807, 832-833 dietary intake data, 49-50, 117 lipid profile, 308-309 for doseresponse assessment, 98, 101-103 low fat, high carbohydrate diets and, quality and completeness of data, 2-3, 437-438, 772, 784-785 40, 43, 44, 46, 85, 86, 90, 97, 99, 180, monounsaturated fatty acids and, 819 479, 969 obesity and overweight and, 802, 803 research needs, 969-971 physical activity and, 63-64 selection for dose-response assessment, polyunsaturated fatty acids and, 494, 90, 98 821, 832-833 statistical analysis, 612-613 protective effects of nutrients, 380-381 uncertainties in, 86, 99, 1246 risk factors, 57, 62, 563 validation of dietary intake data with, 117 saturated fatty acids and, 484-485 Dehydration, 926-927 sugar intakes and, 303 Dental caries, 61-62, 296-297, 323
|
From page 1288... ...
See also individual nutrients parameters for, 29-36; See also Life-stage adjustment of data, 49-50, 103, 938, 941- groups; Reference weights and 942, 943 heights assessment of, 88-89, 90, 118, 323, 436 planning applications, 24, 936, 946-949 and bioavailability, 940, 944 rationale for, 1, 978-979 breast-fed infants, 45, 624, 939-940 sources of data, 2-3, 36, 43-44; See also Canadian, 1066-1075 Methodological considerations and chronic disease, 970 uses, 16-18, 28, 936-966 corroboration of, 437 WHO/FAO/WHO approach compared, day-to-day variations in, 49, 938, 940, 24 941-942, 943 Direct amino acid oxidation (DAAO) energy density of foods and, 794-796 method, 615-617, 618, 619, 670-671, food composition databases, 48, 49-50, 676-678 941 Disaccharides, 265, 266, 272, 281, 342 food frequency questionnaires, 939 Diverticular disease, 371-372, 388 food quotient from, 120 Docosahexanoic acid (DHA)
|
From page 1289... ...
, 115-116, 117, metabolism, 9, 55, 423, 434, 454, 825, 133, 138-140, 141, 143-144, 145-146, 833, 838 147, 183, 190, 209, 212, 884-913 proinflammatory, 59 postexercise, 139 Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) , 9, 55, 59, 62, pregnancy, 189, 193 427, 435, 439, 443, 453-454, 460, 466, research recommendations, 225, 240 469, 470, 471-472, 478, 487, 492-493, RMR and, 112, 131, 132, 141, 148, 165 494, 770, 826, 828, 829, 832, 833, TEF and, 114, 115, 116, 150, 165, 171 1052-1053 and thermoregulation, 114 Eicosatrienoic acid, 439, 440, 442 weight and, 132, 135, 141, 150, 159-161, Elaidic acid, 427, 436, 495 183, 184, 186, 206-213, 215, 889, 891Endometrial cancer, 56, 57, 379, 844 895, 951 Endorphins, 916 Energy intake.
|
From page 1290... ...
See also restricted, 54 Observational studies sugar contribution, 65, 118, 273, 307, analytic studies, 41, 42 310, 313, 314-315, 770 breast cancer, 54 total, 1034-1035 carbohydrates, 783, 785, 800-801 underreporting, 42, 49, 117-118, 643, CHD, 362-365, 562-569, 797-798, 800 794, 956 801, 817, 820-821, 826-828 and weight, 223-224, 793-794, 951-952 cholesterol, 562-569 yields from substrates, 108-110 colon cancer, 373-374 Energy metabolism, 289 diabetes risk, 380-381, 785, 803, 832 Energy mobilization from tissues, 199-200 fiber and disease prevention, 343-344, Energy requirements. See also Estimated 362-365, 368, 373-374, 380-381, 382 Energy Requirements 383 accommodation, 151 glucose metabolism, 380-381 adaptation, 150 hazard identification, 95, 96 age/aging and, 183, 647 high fat, low carbohydrate diets, 792 athletes, 221-223 794, 797-798, 803 BMI and, 121, 124-131 hyperlipidemia prevention, 362-365 BMR and, 164-165, 171, 178-179, 185, hypertension prevention, 362-365 188-190, 195-196 insulin sensitivity, 380-381 brain, 278 limitations, 41, 42, 95, 322 climate and, 146-147, 149 low fat, high carbohydrate diets, 783, 785 environment and, 146-147 methodological issues, 40, 41-42, 322, 569 factors affecting, 131-151 monounsaturated fatty acids, 817
|
From page 1291... ...
. See fat; Lipids and lipid metabolism; Low also Energy requirements; individual fat; Phospholipids; Triacylglycerol or life-stage groups triacylglyceride averaging for group members, 953-954 absorption, 4, 60, 339, 351-352, 369, 375, criteria for, 5 429, 442, 447, 450-452 defined, 3, 4, 22, 107, 202 adaptation to, 452 derivation of, 107, 116-117, 168-170, 174 adverse effects of, 58, 481 177, 181-182, 184-185, 193-197, 201 AIs, 4, 9, 32, 456-457 203 and alcohol metabolism, 453 evidence considered in determining, AMDRs, 15, 422, 423, 440, 481, 769, 785, 116, 164-168, 171-174, 177-181, 183 809, 816, 945 184, 185, 188-193, 195-201 animal studies, 40 gender differences, 169-170, 176-179, assessment of intakes, 959 185, 202-203 balance, 441, 452 indicator selection for, 117-131 and bioavailability of vitamins, 424, 785, by life stage and gender group, 5, 164 788-792 223 and BMI, 814 menu samples, 392-393 and cancer, 54-55, 371, 375, 376, 484, methodological issues, 202-203 486, 512-515, 808
|
From page 1292... ...
1292 INDEX carbohydrate ratio, 437 saturated fat intake and, 58, 799 and CHD, 58-59, 437-438, 460, 769, 797- special considerations, 457 799, 802 stores, 595; See also Body fat and chronic disease risk, 437-438, 460 TEF, 114 and diabetes type 2, 62-63, 437-438, 460, and weight, 441, 452, 773-776, 809 802-808 Fat-free mass dietary intakes, 46, 49, 64, 118, 457, 473, energy expenditure and, 112, 113, 128, 959, 1038-1041, 1070-1071, 1226-1227 131, 186, 212 energy contribution, 64, 109, 424, 430, height and, 125, 128-130 437, 441, 473, 769, 771, 814, 1040- measurement, 121 1041, 1070-1071, 1226-1227 and metabolic rate, 131, 139 evidence considered for estimating physical activity and, 139, 923 requirements, 440-441 and protein status, 609 excretion, 431, 447 puberty and, 142 factors affecting requirements, 447, 450- Fat mass, 121, 125, 128-130, 142, 814, 923 452 Fat-soluble vitamins, 94 fiber and, 4, 351-352, 367, 369, 375, 376, Fatigue, 706, 733, 920 808 Fatty acids. See also Fat, total; food sources, 48, 54, 280, 424, 448-451, Monounsaturated fatty acids; 457, 473 Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Saturated function, 4, 38, 424-425 fatty acids, n-3; Trans fatty acids gastric emptying, 438 alcohol consumption and, 453 gender differences, 473 from carbohydrates, 275, 277, 433 genetic factors, 452 categories, 424 and glucose intolerance, 802-808 dietary intakes, 1228-1243 and glycemic index of foods, 269 energy contribution, 349, 1228-1243 glycerol metabolism, 289, 430, 784-785, from fiber, 348, 361, 371, 372 802-909 food sources, 48 and growth, 280, 437, 441, 457, 459 function, 38, 424-425 high fat diets, 452, 769, 772, 792-810 integrated dietary planning, 964 inadequate intakes, 437-438 metabolism, 189, 275, 277, 348, 361, and insulin sensitivity, 62, 303, 430, 437, 371, 372, 425, 430-431, 453 438, 802-808 oxidation, 166, 279, 430, 432, 440, 453, intervention studies, 64, 794-796 920 by life stage and gender group, 9, 456- storage, 430 460, 1038-1039, 1040-1041, 1070-1071 transport, 429, 430, 432 and lipid profile, 58, 429, 437, 483, 544, Federation of American Societies for 550-559, 560, 777-782, 809, 815 Experimental Biology, 713, 716 low fat diets, 359, 366, 375, 378-379, 438, FELS Longitudinal Study, 174, 181 442, 772-792 Female athlete triad, 928 malabsorption, 442, 452 Fetus and metabolic syndrome, 802 amino acids, 708-709, 732 and micronutrient intakes, 808-809, 816 congenital defects, 728 and obesity, 64, 459, 460, 772, 773-776, energy cost of tissue deposition, 190-192 792-797, 802, 803, 814 energy expenditure, 185, 437 oxidation, 452, 810, 832, 922 fatty acid metabolism, 433, 436, 445 physical activity and, 430, 452, 773 glucose metabolism, 189-190, 290-292, 910 planning intakes, 959 hypoxemia, 910 polyunsaturated intake and, 58 intrauterine growth delay, 728 protein and, 60, 271, 693 neural tube defects, 726 research recommendations, 324, 505, 514 protein, 839
|
From page 1293... ...
INDEX 1293 Fiber, dietary or functional, 957-958. See also functional, 4, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343 individual sources of fiber 344, 345, 346-347, 348-350, 355, 369, absorption, metabolism and excretion, 361-362, 365, 366, 367, 369, 370, 371, 348-349 372, 374, 377, 379, 382, 388, 391, adverse effects of, 377, 391-395 395-399 allergic reactions, 396, 397, 399 and gastric emptying, 4, 63, 65, 339, 348, animal studies, 351, 361, 377 360, 370, 379, 382, 383 and appetite, 383 and gastrointestinal health, 348, 350, and Bacteriodes, 357 351, 352, 353-354, 355, 356, 357-358, between-country studies, 377-378 360-361, 370-372, 396-397, 398, 839 and Bifidobacteria, 354 genotoxicity, 396 and BMI, 352, 379, 383, 384 glucose response, 63, 339, 350, 351, 352 C-peptide response, 353, 361 353, 354, 355-356, 357, 359-360, 361, Canadian guidelines, 340, 349 380-382, 383, 388 and cancer, 54, 55-56, 319, 321, 339, and glycemic index of foods, 322, 360, 348, 373-380, 396, 398 361, 380-381, 382 case-control studies, 378 hazard identification for, 395-399 characteristics, 341-342 health benefits, 343 and CHD, 59-60, 322, 339, 356, 362-368, high fat diets and, 808 369, 387-388, 389, 563 high-fiber diets, 297, 374, 378-379, 383, clinical effects of inadequate intake, 361- 788, 839 362 and hyperlipidemia prevention, 355, and colon health, 55-56, 321, 339, 348, 362-368 358, 370-377, 385-386, 388 and hypertension, 60, 362-368, 369 definitions, 4, 339, 340-341, 342-343 insulin response, 60, 63, 297, 306-307, description of, 344-347 339, 351, 353, 355-356, 360, 380-382, developmental effects, 396 388 and diabetes type 2, 63, 352-353, 354, intervention studies, 344, 351, 358, 365 355, 359-360, 380-382, 388 368, 374-377, 378-379, 381-382, 383 dietary, 4, 339, 340-343, 344, 345, 346, 384 347, 348, 349, 355, 361-369, 370-384, and Lactobacillus, 357 385-387, 390, 391, 394-395, 771, 788, and laxation, 339, 350, 351, 352, 353 808, 838 354, 355, 356, 357-358, 360-361, 370 diverticular disease prevention, 371-372, 371, 372, 385-386, 388 388 and lipid metabolism, 297, 350, 351, and duodenal ulcer, 370, 372 352, 354, 355, 356-357, 358-359, 360, energy contribution, 348, 349, 371, 372, 361, 365-366, 388 383, 385, 386, 388, 788 and lipid profile, 4, 59-60, 339, 351, 352, epidemiological studies, 343-344, 362- 354, 355, 356, 357, 358-359, 360, 361, 365, 368, 373-374, 380-381, 382-383 365-368 and estrogen, 56, 378-380 low-fiber diets, 367, 838 evidence considered for estimating measures of efficacy, 344, 350 requirement for, 362-384 methodological problems with trials, examples of, 343 376-377 and fat absorption, 4, 339, 351-352, 367, and micronutrient absorption, 4, 29, 94, 369, 375, 376 348, 351-352, 369, 382, 391, 394-395, fatty acid metabolism, 348, 361, 371, 397-398, 838 372 nutrition labeling, 340, 344 fermentation of, 56, 348, 355, 371, 372, and obesity, 65, 352, 370, 382-384 375 physiological role, 343, 349-361 function, 38 properties, 339
|
From page 1294... ...
See also Thermic effect of food amino acids, 615 additives, 90, 350, 366, 391 energy density of food and, 795 allergies, 692 fat, 438 amino acid composition, 683-686, 689 fiber and, 4, 63, 65, 339, 348, 360, 370, 690 379, 382, 383 energy-dense, nutrient-poor, 302, 312, Gastrointestinal distress, fiber intake and, 794-796 394-395, 396-397, 398 palatability, 425, 795, 808, 809 Gastrointestinal health plant- vs. animal-derived, 771 amino acid supplementation and, 698, safety, 86-90, 104 700, 714, 720, 722, 724, 726, 733 supplementation trials, 654 fiber and, 348, 350, 351, 352, 353-354, Food and Agriculture Organization, 84, 355, 356, 357-358, 360-361, 370-372, 110, 621, 634, 648, 684 396-397, 398, 839 Food Guide Pyramid, 266, 267, 391, 771 protein intake and, 844 Food quotient, 119-120 Gender differences.
|
From page 1295... ...
See also linoleic acid, 463-464 Gluconeogenesis; Insulin response metabolic rate, 141 adaptation, 277-278 monounsaturated fatty acids, 474 adolescents, 288-289 nutrient intakes with added sugars, adults, 285-289, 388, 784-785 1203-1225 altitude and, 149 physical activity, 921 for brain utilization, 38, 265, 273, 276, polyunsaturated fatty acids, 8, 463-464, 277, 279-280, 285-289 470, 471, 478 children, 286-287, 288-289 protective effects of nutrients, 60 energy yields, 109, 274 puberty onset, 33 epidemiological studies, 380-381 reporting of dietary intakes, 117 fat intake and, 289, 430, 784-785, 802 saturated fatty acids, 474 909 weight and heights, reference, 35 fiber and, 63, 339, 350, 351, 352-353, Genetic factors 354, 355-356, 357, 359-360, 361, 380 body composition and size, 144, 146 382, 383, 388 cancer, 55 glycemic index of foods and, 63, 268, CHD, 57 306, 322 cholesterol, 58, 544, 545, 546, 561-562 high fat, low carbohydrate diets and, diabetes mellitus, type 2, 62 437, 802-808 energy expenditure, 144-145 infants, 280, 281, 288-289 energy requirements, 144 intervention studies, 381-382 fat balance, 452 intracellular utilization, 274 obesity, 146, 452, 784 lactation and, 196 Genetic markers of disease, 41 and lipogenesis, 59 Genotoxicity, 396, 720 low fat, high carbohydrate diets and, Glucagon, 189, 277 438, 784-785 Glucated hemoglobin (HbA1c) , 308-309, and ketosis, 276, 277, 278-279, 280, 281, 322 284, 287, 289, 290-291, 430 Glucoamylase, 272 methodological issues, 280 Glucocorticoids, 602 monounsaturated fatty acids and, 819 Gluconeogenesis muscle uptake, 63, 430 amino acids and, 276, 278, 288-289, 604, obesity and, 204, 802 606 physical activity and, 60, 921 carbohydrate-free diet and, 275-276, 277, polyunsaturated fatty acids and, 821, 287-288 822-823
|
From page 1296... ...
See also individual definition, 268 life-stage groups and diabetes type 2, 63, 302, 304-307, adaptation, 151, 220, 437 308-309, 322 amino acids and, 598, 607, 665, 666, digestability of foods and, 269 669, 697, 701, 707, 710, 713, 719, and energy intake, 269, 313, 320, 322 720, 721, 724, 725, 728 fiber and, 322, 360, 361, 380-381, 382 carbohydrates and, 280-281, 922-923 food characteristics and, 269-270 catch-up in children, 221, 222, 840 food values, 268, 270 children, 32, 47, 134, 142, 151, 167-168, and glucated hemoglobin (HbA1c) , 308- 174, 175, 221, 222, 437, 441, 456, 309, 322 459, 609, 611, 810-811, 839-840 and glucose metabolism, 63, 268, 306, defined, 177 322 and EAR derivation, 47 and HDL cholesterol, 308-309, 322 and EER derivation, 116, 166-168, 174, high-GI diets, 302, 306-307, 313, 318, 181 323 energy expenditure and, 134, 164, 190 and hunger and satiety, 313 192 and insulin sensitivity, 63, 306-307, 308- energy requirements, 45, 116-117, 142, 312, 322 166-168, 174, 177, 181, 190-192, 441 and lipid metabolism, 269, 270-271, 297, fat intake and, 280, 437, 441, 457, 459 302-303, 304-308, 322 formula-fed infants, 280-281, 448-451, 457 low-GI diets, 304-307, 313, 321-322 gender differences, 33, 142, 175, 922-923 of mixed meals, 270-271 impaired, 151, 217, 220, 221, 222, 437, methodological issues, 322 721, 811, 839-840 and obesity, 313, 322-323 lipid metabolism, 922-923 palatibility of foods and, 272 low fat, high carbohydrate diets and, and physical activity, 318-319 810-811 utilization, 269-272 maternal and fetal tissues, 92, 190-192 and weight loss, 313 measurement precision, 142 Glycemic load, 269-272, 303, 322, 380-381 physical activity and, 922-923
|
From page 1297... ...
See also Reference weights and diabetes, 303, 306-307 heights evaluation process, 95 BMI and, 1080-1081 human studies, 94, 696, 698-699, 702 and body composition, 125, 128-130, 703, 705-706, 712, 714-715, 722-723, 1078-1081, 1088-1089 724-725, 726, 727, 729, 730, 732-733, catch-up growth, 221 735 and energy expenditure, 157, 159-161 insulin sensitivity, 303, 306-307 Heme, 607, 608 maple syrup urine disease, 706 Hemicelluloses (dietary fiber) , 345, 348, metabolic considerations, 705 390 obesity, 307, 311-313, 314-319 Hemoglobin, 595, 720-721 pharmacokinetic and metabolic data, 96 Hepatic lipase activity, 61 97, 98 Hepatomegaly, 721 physical activity, 318-319 Heterocyclic amines, 379 HDL cholesterol.
|
From page 1298... ...
See also Balance studies intervention studies, 794-796, 798-799, advantages, 91, 98 803-807 amino acids, 608-699, 702-703, 705-706, metabolic syndrome, 802-808 712, 714-715, 720, 722-723, 724-725, and micronutrient inadequacy or excess, 726, 727, 729, 730, 731-733, 735 808-809, 816 controlled, 40 obesity risk, 792-797, 814 doseresponse assessment, 98 saturated fatty acid intakes, 799-802 feeding trials, 40-41 sugar inadequacy, 809 limitations of, 40-41, 94 High-fiber diets, 297, 374, 378-379, 383, Hunger, 117, 313, 732, 795, 796 788, 839 Hydrogenated fat, 427-428, 436, 455, 456, High fructose corn syrup, 294, 295 479, 495, 498-504, 836 High glycemic index diets, 302 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 732 Hippuric acid, 604 Hydroxylysine, 593 Histidine (indispensable) , 589, 591, 592, 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A, 545 593, 597, 604, 662, 663-665, 666, 668, Hydroxyproline, 592-593, 728-729 672-675, 678-682, 686, 687, 689, 709, Hyperactivity, 295 712, 720-723, 736, 1004-1005 Hyperammonemia, 699, 714, 718 Homocysteine, 302, 726 Hypercalciuria, 694, 841 Homovanillic acid, 735 Hyperchloremic acidosis, 698 Honolulu Heart Program, 562 Hypercholesteremia, 276, 352, 355, 356, Human chorionic somatomammotropin, 189 358, 359, 366, 367, 494, 495, 721, Human milk.
|
From page 1299... ...
See also 611, 630, 669, 982 specific indicators, nutrients, and life hyperammonemic, 699 stages language development, 447 methodological considerations, 43 malnutrition, 165, 167, 608-609 risk reduction-based methodological considerations, 44-46 Infants, 0-12 months. See also Formulas, milk consumption, 26 infant; Human milk; Life-stage monounsaturated fatty acids, 432 groups newborn, 92, 142, 165, 166, 291, 433, ages 0 through 6 months, 31, 35, 44, 45, 594, 595, 598, 603 169, 199, 201, 281, 283, 385, 456-457, nitrogen balance studies, 624-627 461, 468, 619-623, 662-665 of overweight mothers, 134 ages 7 through 12 months, 31-32, 35, 45 on parenteral nutrition, 722-723 46, 169, 199, 283, 385, 457, 461, 468, phenylketonuria, 728 624-630, 664-670, 672 physical activity, 166 AIs, 4, 26, 30-32, 44-46, 280-283, 456-457, polyunsaturated fatty acids, 30, 46, 433, 460-461, 466-469, 619-623, 662-665, 435, 438, 439, 440, 445-447, 448-451, 944, 946 454, 460-463, 472 amino acids, 30, 45, 594, 598, 607, 614, premature, 122-123, 165, 166, 167, 280, 619, 621, 662-670, 672, 686, 687, 719, 435, 445, 447, 456, 469, 594, 607, 722-723, 724, 726 609, 719, 731, 840, 910 birth weight, 456, 471, 650, 654, 719, protein, 30, 45, 46, 595, 602, 603, 608 731, 811, 839, 840, 910 609, 611, 619-630, 669, 686, 687 BMI, 1106-1114 RDAs, 31, 629-630, 672 BMR, 164-165, 1106-1114 recommended food sources, 26, 31, 32, body fatness, 142, 621 45, 46 brain development, 280, 288-289, 291, saturated fatty acid, 431 445, 448-451, 466, 468, 545, 548, 608 sleepiness, 733 609
|
From page 1300... ...
, 381-382, 785, Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study, 786-787, 806-807, 832-833 803 of dietary patterns, 43 Insulin response. See also Hyperinsulinemia fiber and disease prevention, 344, 351, age/aging and, 62 365-368, 374-377, 378-379, 381-382, amino acids, 696, 701, 705, 710 383-384 and cancer, 320 glucose response, 381-382, 803-807 to carbohydrate intake, 268, 269, 273, high fat, low carbohydrate diets, 794 274, 275, 277, 303, 320, 437 796, 798-799, 803-807 and diabetes, type 2, 63, 275, 303, 306- hyperlipidemia prevention, 365-368 307, 308-312, 784-785 hypertension prevention, 365-368 epidemiological studies, 380-381 insulin response to fat intake, 803-807 to fat, 62, 303, 430, 437, 438, 484-485, low n-9 monounsaturated fatty acid 802-808 diets, 817-818 fiber intake and, 60, 63, 297, 306-307, meta-analyses, 58, 777, 798 339, 351, 353, 355-356, 360, 380-382, methodological issues, 43, 376-377 388 obesity, 311, 773-776, 794-796, 797 to glucose metabolism, 268, 273, 274 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 821, 828, glycemic index of foods and, 63, 269, 830-831, 832-833 306-307, 308-312, 322 satiety and weight maintenance, 383-384 hazard identification, 303, 306-307 timing of, 376 intervention studies, 381-382 Intestinal absorption.
|
From page 1301... ...
, 589, 591, 593, TEE, 116, 198-199, 201, 1166-1167 597, 662, 663-665, 666, 668, 669, 672- TEF, 196-197 675, 678, 679-682, 686, 687, 689, 704- total energy requirements, 200-201 711, 736, 1006-1007 ULs, 92 Isomaltose, 272 Lactose, 266, 267, 268, 272, 273, 281, 282 283, 292, 813 Lactulose, 397 J Lauric acid, 58, 425, 483 Laxation, fiber consumption and, 339, 350, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on 351, 352, 353-354, 355, 356, 357-358, Food Additives, 90, 713 360-361, 370-371, 372, 385-386, 388 LDL cholesterol. See also Lipoprotein K metabolism carbohydrate intake and, 781, 782-784, KANWU study, 485 797 Karaya gum, 367, 382, 838 and CHD risk, 57, 481-484, 542, 548-549, Keratin, 592 573, 798-799, 815 Ketoacids and ketosis, 276, 277, 278-279, children, 815 280, 281, 284, 287, 289, 290-291, 430, cholesterol intake and, 544-545, 548-562, 604, 605, 704 563, 568, 569, 573 Kidney stones, 841-842 fiber intake and, 59, 351, 352, 355, 356, Krebs-Henseleit cycle, 604-605, 606 357, 358, 359, 361, 365-366, 367-368 glycemic index and, 302 hazard identification, 549, 560-562 L low fat, high carbohydrate diets and, 777-781 Lactase, 272, 592 monounsaturated fatty acids and, 58, Lactate, 276 486, 817-818 Lactation.
|
From page 1302... ...
risk, 437-438, 772, 784 466 785 and lipid peroxidation, 824, 838 and diarrhea, 438 metabolism, 433, 434, 440, 442, 453, epidemiological studies, 783, 785 455-456, 476, 838 fat oxidation, 810 protective effects of, 821 fiber, 367, 788 supplementation, 442, 444 glucose intolerance risk, 784-785 trans fatty acids and, 455-456 and growth, 810-811 Lipids and lipid metabolism high monounsaturated fatty acid diet aging and, 922 compared, 817 amino acids and, 724, 731 and hunger, 795 carbohydrates and, 275, 277, 278-279, hyperinsulinemia, 784-785 297-303, 781, 782-784, 917-923 hypocaloric diets, 772
|
From page 1303... ...
See also Basal metabolic rate; 661, 663-665, 666, 668, 669-670, 671- Glucose metabolism; Lipids and lipid 682, 685, 686, 687, 689, 692, 723-725, metabolism; individual nutrients 736, 1010-1011 cellular uptake of nutrients, 273 eiconasanoid, 55 glycogen synthesis and utilization, 274 M insulin, 275 intracellular utilization of sugars, 273Macronutrients. See also Carbohydrate; Fat; 274 Protein physical activity and, 138 brain requirements, 771 splanchnic, 600, 717 defined, 108 Methionine (indispensable)
|
From page 1304... ...
. 322, 569 See also individual fatty acids experimental studies, 40 absorption, 432 extrapolation from animal studies, 40, adverse effects of overconsumption, 485 87, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 492, 562, 486 703, 705, 1245-1246 AMDR, 820 extrapolation from other age groups, 25, and cancer risk, 55, 486, 819 26-27, 31-32, 34, 44, 46, 47, 101, 283 and cardiovascular disease, 485-486 extrapolation from short periods to 24 and CHD risk, 58-59, 817-818 hours, 616 and diabetes, 819 factorial approach, 25, 116, 118, 611, dietary intakes, 474, 1044-1045 981 energy contribution, 474, 478 generalizability of studies, 41, 42, 100, epidemiological studies, 817 118 evidence considered for estimating glycemic index calculation, 307 requirements, 441, 460 growth measurement, 142 excretion, 433 human feeding studies, 40-41 food sources, 426, 474, 478, 816, 819-820 indicator amino acid oxidation method, function, 4, 426, 432, 460 618, 619 and glucose metabolism, 819 interactions of dietary factors, 41-42, 53, hazard identification, 485-486 376-377 high n-9 fatty acid diets, 820 intervention studies, 42-43, 376-377, 725 insulin sensitivity, 806 Monte Carlo approach, 981-982 intervention studies, 817-818 multicollinearity, 42 by life stage and gender groups, 1044 nitrogen balance method, 611-612, 635, 1045 643, 644, 688 and lipid profile, 58, 486, 817-818 in nutrient intake estimates, 41-42, 48- low n-9 fatty acid diets, 817-820 49, 941-945 metabolism, 4, 423, 432-433 observational studies, 40, 41-42 and micronutrient inadequacy, 819-820 plasma amino acid response method, n-9, 460 615 protective effects, 816-817, 819 pregnant and lactating women research recommendations, 505 randomized clinical trials, 40, 42-43, 376- Montreal Diet Dispensary, 654 377 Mortality research needs, 969-970 BMI and, 484 in risk assessment, 91-94, 100 saturated fatty acids and, 484 single treatment vs.
|
From page 1305... ...
See also Dietary intakes carbohydrate-free diets and, 275 added sugar intakes and, 788-789, 790 content in dietary protein, 590 793, 1203-1225 factorial method, 610-611, 624, 628, 629 adjusting for day-to-day variation, 29, 49 host-colon nitrogen cycle, 600 50 individual variation, 612-613, 634, 635, assessment of, 42, 48-49, 937-945 649 bioavailability and, 29-30
|
From page 1306... ...
, energy density of foods and, 794-796 353-354, 390, 391, 396-397 and energy expenditure, 111, 122-123, Oligosaccharides (dietary or functional 133-135, 138, 140, 209, 212, 216-219 fiber) , 265, 272, 341, 342, 344, 592 energy intakes, 54, 65, 111, 307, 310, Olive oil, 55 312, 313, 322, 794 Opthalmologic effects, 711, 714, 720, 722, and energy requirements, 110, 132-133, 729, 734, 735, 736 135, 138, 202-213, 216-219
|
From page 1307... ...
, 589, 591, health benefits, 180-181, 912-917 593, 596, 597, 616, 617, 618, 663-665, history of recommendations, 882-883, 913 666, 668, 671-682, 686, 687, 689, 695, and immune function, 57 703, 709, 726, 727-728, 734, 736, insulin response, 60, 62, 63, 303, 803, 1014-1015 921 Phenylketonuria, 619 intensity, 139, 140, 148, 183, 190, 884, Phosphatidylethanolamine, 444 885-886, 904-905, 910, 918-920, 921, Phosphatidylserine, 435, 444 922 Phospholipids, 425, 429, 433, 434 leisure activities, 885, 896-897, 900-901, Phosphorus, 789, 790-791, 812, 813 912-913 Physical activity. See also individual life-stage and lipid balance, 57, 60, 61, 452, 913, groups 917-923 adaptations in, 197, 201, 220, 922 and mental health, 151, 881, 913, 916 adverse effects of excessive activity, 180, metabolic equivalents, 884-887, 888, 896 926-929 899, 903, 906, 917 age and, 143-144 and mortality rates, 912-917 amino acids and, 918 obese and overweight individuals, 56, 65, and appetite, 884 133, 140, 181, 209, 212, 1168-1182, and BMI, 880, 884 1184-1199 and body fat, 57, 61, 139, 180, 181 and obesity, 56, 65, 784, 923 Canadian recommendations, 883, 913 and PAL, 884-912 and cancer, 56-57 prevention of adverse effects, 928-929 and cardiovascular health, 60-61, 882, protective effects of, 56, 62 887-888, 913, 927 protein requirements, 660-661, 918, 920 and CHD risk, 60, 886-887, 924
|
From page 1308... ...
excess post-exercise oxygen active lifestyle, 158, 162-163, 895-899, consumption, 112, 139 900-903 female athlete triad, 928 age/aging and, 143 gender differences, 921, 928 BEE and, 887, 888, 895 and growth and development, 180, 922 BMI and, 220, 223, 814, 911 923 and BMR, 115, 902 and hyperthermia, 910, 926-927 body weight and, 116, 184, 889, 891-895 and hypothermia, 927 calculation, 887-889 intensity, 918-920, 921, 922, 925 categories, 157-161, 162-163, 164, 183 and lipid oxidation, 917-923 and chronic disease risk reduction, 914- overuse injuries, 926 917 physical education in schools, 923, 924 defined, 116, 174, 887 pregnancy and, 907, 908-911 DLW studies, 895 recovery from illness and, 922 evaluation of, 118, 180, 895-909 resistance exercise, 223, 661, 925, 928 exercise program, 209 running, 115, 138, 184, 223, 892, 893, gender differences, 903, 904-905 894, 926 and glycemic index of foods, 318 treadmill, 184, 913 impact of activities on, 884-912 and weight, 61, 115-116, 213-215, 452, intensity of physical activity and, 138, 773 184, 887-889, 904-905 Physical fitness low-active lifestyle, 158, 162-163, 183, defined, 179-180, 881 895-899 endurance (aerobic) training and, 923 measurement, 174 intensity of exercise and, 140 reference activity, 889 objectives, 883 RMR and, 917 pregnancy and, 907-908 sedentary, 115, 118-119, 140, 183, 200, resistance exercise and, 925, 928 895-899 and spontaneous physical activity, 139 TEE and, 157-161, 162-163, 164, 884, supplementation of water and nutrients, 887, 906-909 925-926 very active lifestyle, 115, 138, 158-159, Physicians' Health Study, 827, 828 162-163, 895-899 Phytochemicals, 369, 379, 391, 394, 395, 788 Physical exercise Pima Indians, 134, 146, 804-807 adaptations in program, 928 Pituitary adenomas, 396 age and, 922, 924 Planet Health, 318-319
|
From page 1309... ...
n-6:n-3 ratio, 8, 434, 439, 446-447, 454 adverse effects, 398 455, 472, 834 characteristics, 341, 346-347 and neural development and function, laxation, 357 443, 444-445, 446, 466, 468, 469 and lipid concentrations, 357 and obesity, 832 uses, 36 oxidative damage, 493, 832 Polyp Prevention Trial, 374 parenteral nutrition and, 443, 454-455, Polysaccharides, 265, 341, 342, 343, 344, 469 350, 377 protective effects of, 55, 826-834 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3. See also - randomized controlled clinical trials, Linoleic acid; other individual fatty 446, 828-829 acids research recommendations, 509, 514 absorption, 434 special considerations, 469, 471-472, 494 adverse effects of, 63, 487-494 and stroke risk, 59, 492-493, 827-828, AMDRs, 834-835 829, 834 animal studies, 444-445, 492 supplements, 455, 471-472, 487-491, 492 and bleeding time, 492-493 493, 494, 828, 829, 832, 833 and blood pressure, 829 and total fat, 58 and body fat, 832 trans fatty acid impact, 455-456 and cancer, 54, 55, 833-834 vegetarian diets, 466 and carbohydrate utilization, 832 and vision, 443, 444, 445, 446 and cardiovascular disease, 59, 455 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-6.
|
From page 1310... ...
, 592, 593, 607, 697, special considerations, 461, 463 712, 717, 728-729, 736, 1016-1017 trans fatty acid impact, 455-456 Prospective studies, breast cancer and Potassium, 650-653, 725, 838 dietary fiber, 378 Prealbumin, 609, 610 Prostaglandins, 434, 838 Pregnancy. See also Lactation Prostate cancer, 54, 55, 56, 57, 321, 379, adaptation to, 34, 47, 197, 290, 291, 650 486, 568, 578-579, 808, 819, 825, 833 adolescents, 48, 193, 201-202, 292, 389, 834, 837, 844 465, 471-472, 650-652, 654, 655 Protease, 602 AIs, 34, 47, 388, 465, 471-472 Protective effects amino acids, 680-681, 709, 724, 726, 732, -linoleic acid, 427, 770 735 amino acids, 726 animal studies, 709, 726 cancer prevention, 54, 55, 819, 833-834 BMR, 185, 188-191, 291 CLA, 428, 836-838 body composition, 188, 191-192 diabetes type 2, 380-381
|
From page 1311... ...
, 595-597, chemistry, 590-592 598-599, 601-602, 625-627, 630, 632, chronic disease risk, 694 657, 660, 668, 683, 684 climate and, 640-641, 642 metabolism, 597-598, 609, 650, 657, 724 clinical effects of inadequate intake, 608- methods used to estimate requirements, 609 635, 637-639 complete, 691 micronutrient availability, 840, 841 and coronary artery disease, 694, 842-843 nitrogen balance, 9, 279, 287, 611-613, deficiency, 601-602, 608-610, 620, 662, 624-625, 632, 633-644, 650, 654-655, 840 684, 691, 693, 1250-1253 degradation, 602 nitrogen/protein ratio, 684-685 deposition rates, 626-629, 665, 666, 669, and obesity, 694, 843 837 and osteoporosis, 694, 841 dietary intakes, 589, 596, 602-603, 624, oxidation, 109 662, 692, 1060-1063, 1074-1075 physical activity and, 660-661 digestion and digestability, 9, 589, 592, planning diets, 946, 961, 964 599-600, 621, 662, 682-684, 688-690 quality, 14, 60, 589, 608, 611, 621, 643, doseresponse assessment, 694 661-662, 682-691, 697, 721, 811, 840 EARs, 12-13, 624-629, 631, 637, 643-644, RDAs, 9, 12-13, 25, 47, 278, 589, 612-613, 646-649, 650-654 629-630, 631-633, 644-645, 649, 656, efficiency of utilization, 666 659, 844, 946 energy contribution, 109, 589, 605, 647, and renal function, 609, 694, 842 648, 771, 1062-1063, 1074-1075 research recommendations, 737 factorial method, 624, 628, 629, 633, risk characterization, 695 657, 658 selection of indicators for estimating FAO/WHO recommendations, 648 requirements, 610-613 fat intake and, 60, 271, 693 special considerations, 621, 656, 660-662 food sources, 48, 280-281, 620, 622-623, sugar intakes and, 790-791 640-641, 643, 691, 771 supplementation, 654, 656, 692, 694, 840
|
From page 1312... ...
See also African Americans; 971 Caucasians methodology, 969-970 and BMR, 146 monounsaturated fatty acids, 505 and energy expenditure, 145-146 physical activity, 225, 829 and pubertal development polyunsaturated fatty acids, 508-509, 514 and reporting of dietary intakes, 117 priorities, 18, 971 Raffinose, 265, 342 protein, 737 Randomized clinical trials, 42-43, 828-829 requirements, 969 Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) saturated fatty acids, 505 AIs compared, 6, 26-27 trans fatty acids, 514 coefficient of variation, 24-25, 47, 285, Resistant dextrins (dietary or functional 289, 292, 293, 630, 632-633, 645, 656, fiber)
|
From page 1313... ...
See also individual fatty Seventh Day Adventists, 363, 835 acids Skeletal health, physical activity and, 66 absorption, 431-432 Skin cancer, 837 adverse effects of overconsumption, 481 Sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) , 112, 118, 485 140, 147, 165, 195 and BMI, 484 Snack foods, 118, 732-733 and cancer, 484 Socioeconomic status, and reporting of and CHD risk, 422, 481-484, 797, 798, dietary intakes, 117 799 Sodium, 725 and diabetes (type 2)
|
From page 1314... ...
See Thermic effect intestinal absorption, 273 of food intrinsic, 265 Stachyose, 265, 342 lipogenicity, 59, 297-302, 323 Starch. See also Resistant starch in low fat, high carbohydrate diets, 788 and cancer risk, 321 789, 790-793 definition, 267-268 maximal intake levels, 16, 810, 816 and dental caries, 296 and micronutrient intake levels, 788-789, digestion and digestibility, 269, 272 790-793, 809, 812, 1203-1225 energy yields, 109 and obesity, 307, 310-313, 314-319, 323 food sources, 265-266, 294 substitutes, 346, 695, 702-703, 727 glycemic index, 323 total, 313, 314-315, 316-317, 789, 792, insulin sensitivity, 303 809, 813-814 lipogenesis, 59, 298-301, 302 uses, 266 slow release vs.
|
From page 1315... ...
. See whole-body calorimetry measurements, also UL modeling 120, 122-123, 140 applicable population, 84, 89 Toxicity criteria and proposed values, 12-13 age and sensitivity to, 92 defined, 3, 22, 23, 27-28, 84, 99 mechanisms of action, 97 derivation of, 27, 85-86, 90, 96, 98, 101, Trans fatty acids 102 absorption, 436 extrapolation on body-weight basis, 34, adverse effects of, 436, 455-456, 494-505 47, 85, 86, 101 and blood pressure, 504, 506-509 fortification of foods and, 27, 85 and cancer, 512-515 not established for macronutrients, 101 and cardiovascular disease, 503 104, 107, 224, 694, 770, 940, 946
|
From page 1316... ...
See also Doseresponse and CHD risk, 57-58, 59, 437 assessment; Risk assessment models fat intake and, 777-781 critical endpoint, 93, 98, 99, 101, 102 fiber intake and, 60, 351, 354, 356, 357, data selection, 98 359, 360, 361, 367-368, 369 hazard identification, 94-98 food sources, 473 mathematical models, 85-86 gluconeogenesis, 275, 278 nutrient intake assessment, 104 glycemic index and, 302, 322 risk characterization, 86, 89, 90, 104-105 glycerol content, 278, 279 uncertainty assessment, 89, 98, 100-101 hydrolysis of, 429 Ulcerative colitis, 348, 371 lipoprotein metabolism and, 61, 278 Uncertainties low fat, high carbohydrate diets and, in AIs, 26, 44 777-781 amino acid scoring patterns, 688 lypolysis, 431 approaches for dealing with, 1244-1249
|
From page 1317... ...
See Fruits and vegetables another, 101 Vegetarians, 372, 466, 661-662, 835, 975, range of estimates applied to, 1246, 1077 1248-1249 Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) , 61, in risk assessment, 86, 87, 91-92, 100- 430, 439, 545 101, 102-103, 1244-1249 remnant, 431, 544 Uncertainty factors Vision, 439, 440, 468, 711, 714, 720, 722, defined, 90, 977 729 for energy intake, 224 Vitamin A, 424, 609, 785, 788, 789, 790-793, inferences from experimental animal 811, 812, 813, 1204-1211, 1214-1221, studies, 100, 1245-1246 1224-1225 LOAEL instead of NOAEL, 100-101 Vitamin B6, 771, 785, 788, 789, 790-793, selection of, 87, 99, 100 1228-1243 sensitivity of individuals, 100 Vitamin B12, 771, 785, 789, 790-791, 813, sources of uncertainty in, 100-101 835, 1228-1243 subchronic NOAEL to predict chronic Vitamin C, 771, 788, 789, 790-791, 808, 813, NOAEL, 101 816, 1228-1243 use, 90, 91 Vitamin D, 424, 790-791, 811, 812, 840, 841 Undernutrition, 130, 220 Vitamin E, 424, 444, 493, 785, 789, 790-793, Underweight, 121, 130, 190, 811 811, 812, 813, 829, 1204-1211, 1214 United Kingdom Department of Health, 266 1221, 1224-1225 United Nations University, 621, 634 Vitamin K, 424, 788 United States VLDL cholesterol, 843 fiber definitions, 340 human milk intake and composition, 172-173 W physical activity recommendations, 882 Waist circumference, 124-125, 127, 1080 883 1081, 1084-1085, 1094-1099, 1102Urea, 114, 594, 601, 603, 604-605, 611, 620, 1103 650, 657, 671, 684, 693-694, 699, 712 Water Uric acid, 603, 604 and laxation, 370, 398 Urinary C-peptide, 322, 353, 361 physical exercise and, 925-926 U.S.
|
From page 1318... ...
See also Gender differences; body fat and, 1090-1091 Lactation; Pregnancy and chronic disease, 224, 226-229 bone mineral density, 841, 928 and diabetes type 2, 802 calcium, 789, 841 energy balance and, 65, 150, 212, 214, carbohydrate intakes compared to other 220 nutrients, 1238-1243 and energy expenditure, 116, 132, 135, CHD, 363, 364 141, 150, 157, 159-161, 183, 184, 186, colon cancer, 373 206-213, 215, 216-219, 889, 891-895, diabetes type 2, 380, 381 951 energy expenditure, 140 energy intake and, 121, 223-224, 793- fiber, 363, 364, 373, 380, 381 794, 951-952 glycemic load, 303 and energy requirements, 112, 183, 184, menopause, 141, 143, 921 220 metabolic rate, 140, 141 epidemiological studies, 382-383 nutrient intakes with added sugars, fat intake and, 441, 452, 773-776, 809 1218-1225 fiber intake and, 65, 339, 351-352, 370, oral contraceptives, 921 382-384 physical activity, 138, 140, 894, 913, 921, gain, 47-48, 110, 121, 143, 144, 167, 186, 928 223-224, 226-229, 452, 650, 652, 653, premenopausal, 140, 141 654, 655, 697, 698, 709, 730-732, 734, protein intakes, 695, 841 802, 951-952 reference weights and heights, 126 gender differences, 1078-1081, 1088- weight control, 352, 773 1091 Women's Health Initiative Observational genetic factors, 144, 452 Study, 913 hypocaloric vs. isocaloric diets, 772 World Cancer Research Fund, 321 intervention studies, 311, 383-384 World Health Organization, 84, 110, 121, loss, 61, 65, 121, 199-200, 204, 209, 212, 621, 634, 648, 684, 913 215, 217, 219, 225, 311, 313, 351-352, 370, 383, 721, 843, 951 low fat, high carbohydrate diets, 311, X 773-777 Xylose, 345 maintenance, 149, 202-209, 216-219, 382-383, 441, 773-777, 951-952 measurement confounding, 202-204 Y metabolic rate and, 112, 113, 135, 138 overeating and, 121, 151 Youth Risk Behavior Study, 923 physical exercise and, 61, 115-116, 213 215, 452, 773 pregnancy, 47-48, 188, 190, 191, 192, Z 196, 650, 652, 653, 655, 709 protein (nitrogen)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.