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1. Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes
Pages 21-37

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From page 21...
... The development of DRIs expands on the periodic reports called Recommended Dietary Allowances, published from 1941 to 1989 by the National Academy of Sciences, and Recommended Nutrient Intakes, published by the Canadian government. This comprehensive effort is being undertaken by the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes of the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, the National Academies, in collaboration with Health Canada.
From page 22...
... and justification of the criterion used to establish requirement values and the intake levels beyond which the potential for increased risk of adverse effects may occur. CATEGORIES OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Estimated Average Requirement1 The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
From page 23...
... This is equivalent to saying that randomly chosen individuals from the population would have a 50:50 chance of having their requirement met at this intake level. This use follows the precedent set by others who have used the term "Estimated Average Requirement" for reference values similarly derived but meant to be applied to population intakes (COMA, 1991)
From page 24...
... is an estimate of the minimum daily average dietary intake level that meets the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group (see Figure 1-1)
From page 25...
... Method for Setting the RDA When Nutrient Requirements Are Not Normally Distributed If the requirement of a nutrient is not normally distributed but can be transformed to normality, its EAR and RDA can be estimated by transforming the data, calculating the 50th (for the EAR) and the 97.5th percentiles (for the RDA)
From page 26...
... In the judgment of the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, the AI is expected to meet or exceed the amount needed to maintain a defined nutritional state or criterion of adequacy in essentially all members of a specific, apparently healthy, population. Examples of defined nutritional states include normal growth, maintenance of normal circulating nutrient values, or other aspects of nutritional well-being or general health.
From page 27...
... Qualified health professionals should adapt the recommended intake to cover higher or lower needs. Tolerable Upper Intake Level The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
From page 28...
... have been established for macronutrients as percentages of total energy intake. These are ranges of macronutrient intakes that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease, while providing recommended intakes of other essential nutrients.
From page 29...
... PARAMETERS FOR DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Nutrient Intakes Each type of Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) refers to the average daily nutrient intake of individuals over time.
From page 30...
... For protein, amino acids, carbohydrate, fat, and n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the average intake by full-term infants who are born to healthy, well-nourished mothers and exclusively fed human milk has been adopted as the primary basis for deriving the AI during the first 6 months of life. This is the model used for other nutrients as well.
From page 31...
... Although they were based on human-milk composition and volume of intake, the previous RDA and RNI values allowed for lower bioavailability of nutrients from nonhuman milk. However, where warranted, information discussing specific changes in bioavailability or source of nutrients for use in developing formulations is included in the "Special Considerations" section of each chapter.
From page 32...
... This is because the amount of energy required on a body-weight basis is significantly lower during the second 6 months of life, due largely to the slower rate of weight gain/kg of body weight. Therefore, the basis of the AI values derived for this age category for dietary fats and carbohydrates was the sum of the specific nutrient provided by 0.6 L/d of human milk, which is the average volume of milk reported from studies in this age category (Heinig et al., 1993)
From page 33...
... All children continue to grow to some extent until as late as age 20 years; therefore, having these two age categories span the period of 9 through 18 years of age seems justified. Young Adulthood and Middle-Aged Adults: Ages 19 Through 30 Years and 31 Through 50 Years The recognition of the possible value of higher nutrient intakes during early adulthood on achieving optimal genetic potential for peak bone mass was the reason for dividing adulthood into ages 19 through 30 years and 31 through 50 years.
From page 34...
... In some cases, where data regarding nutrient requirements are reported on a body-weight basis, it is necessary to have reference heights and weights to transform the data for comparison purposes. Frequently, where data regarding adult requirements represent the only available data (e.g., on adverse effects of chronic high intakes for establishing Tolerable Upper Intake Levels [ULs]
From page 35...
... a DRI body index and Index Median earlier Statistics ) (Kuczmarski Mass 2 mass in median body used Health Charts Heights Previous Body (kg/m -- -- -- 15.8 18.5 21.3 24.4 18.3 21.3 22.8 female for and median Growth Center 1988­1994; male mo y y y y y y mo y y Reference female on III)
From page 36...
... is a generic term for a set of nutrient reference values that include the Estimated Average Requirement, Recommended Dietary Allowance, Adequate Intake, and Tolerable Upper Intake Level. In addition, to provide guidance on the appropriate macronutrient distribution thought to decrease risk of disease, including chronic disease, Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges are established for the macronutrients.
From page 37...
... 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed.


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