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2. Methods and Approaches Used
Pages 38-52

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From page 38...
... In order to apply the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) process and approach to energy-yielding macronutrients, it was necessary to separate 1A requirement is defined as the lowest continuing intake level of a nutrient that, for a specific indicator of adequacy, will maintain a defined level of nutriture in an individual.
From page 39...
... Basic biological research, often involving animal models, provides critical information on mechanisms that may link nutrient consumption to beneficial or adverse health outcomes. While results from animal experiments are generally not used when establishing Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
From page 40...
... Clinical and epidemiological observational studies play a valuable role in generating hypotheses concerning the health risks and benefits of nutrient intake patterns. Randomized clinical trials in population groups of interest have the potential to provide definitive comparisons between selected nutrient intake patterns and subsequent health-related outcomes.
From page 41...
... While analytic epidemiological studies (studies that relate exposure to disease outcomes in individuals) have provided convincing evidence of an associative relationship between selected nondietary exposures and disease risk, there are a number of other factors that limit study reliability in research relating nutrient intakes to disease risk (Sempos et al., 1999)
From page 42...
... . In addition, there may be systematic bias in nutrient consumption estimates from self-reports, as the reporting of food intakes and portion sizes may depend on individual characteristics such as body mass, ethnicity, and age.
From page 43...
... . In addition, the follow-up period will typically be short relative to the preceding time period of nutrient consumption; the chronicity of intake may be relevant to the health outcomes under study, particularly if chronic disease endpoints are sought.
From page 44...
... Therefore, many of the questions raised about the requirements for, and recommended intakes of, these nutrients cannot be answered fully because of inadequacies in the present database. Apart from studies of overt deficiency diseases, there is a dearth of studies that address specific effects of inadequate intakes on specific indicators of health status, and thus a research agenda is proposed (see Chapter 14)
From page 45...
... In general, this report does not cover possible variations in physiological need during the first month after birth or the variations in intake of nutrients from human milk that result from differences in milk volume and nutrient concentration during early lactation. In keeping with the decision made by the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, specific DRIs to meet the needs of formula-fed infants have not been proposed in this report.
From page 46...
... One problem encountered in deriving intake data in infants was the lack of available data on total nutrient intake from a combination of human milk and solid foods in the second 6 months of life. Most intake survey data do not identify the milk source, but the published values indicate that cow milk and cow milk formula were most likely consumed.
From page 47...
... For determining estimated energy requirements using a doubly labeled water database, equations using stepwise multiple linear regressions were generated to predict total energy expenditure based on age, gender, height, and weight. Extrapolating Data from Adults to Children When data are lacking to set an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
From page 48...
... Methodological Considerations The quality of nutrient intake data varies widely across studies. The most valid intake data are those collected from the metabolic study protocols in which all food is provided by the researchers, amounts consumed are measured accurately, and the nutrient composition of the food is determined by reliable and valid laboratory analyses.
From page 49...
... . Estimates of underreporting of energy intake in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were 18 percent of the adult men and 28 percent of the adult women participating (Briefel et al., 1997)
From page 50...
... SUMMARY General methods for examining and interpreting the evidence for establishing reference intakes for macronutrients are presented in this chapter, with special attention given to infants, children, and pregnant and lactating women. Methodological problems and sources of dietary intake data are also discussed.
From page 51...
... 1994. Energy and macronutrient intakes of persons ages 2 months and over in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988­91.
From page 52...
... II. USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Nationwide Dietary Intake Surveys.


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