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Pages 403-418

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From page 403...
... , 153 Altimetry, 131, 356, 389 American Society of Civil Engineers, 71, 113, 153 Annualized earthquake losses, 2, 5,150,163 Applied Technology Council, 73, 153 Archaeological evidence, 20, 21, 22 Aristotle, 21-23, 84(n.3) Aseismic deformation, 209, 215, 275, 316, 383 Assam earthquake, 26, 31 Attenuation, 33, 43, 74, 80, 112, 177, 302, 306, 309-310, 313-314, 364, 376 hazard analysis, 318-321, 371 imaging, 193 strong-motion seismology, 190, 318-319, 373 tsunamis, 119 Atwater, Tanya, 43, 45 Australia, 86(n.22)
From page 404...
... , 176,179,180,185,187,190,191, 198, 305, 351, 354, 358 Building codes, 2, 6, 66-68, 80, 152, 154-159, 163, 309 cost factors, 6 historical perspectives, 66-68, 70-74 International Building Code, 113 performance-based engineering, 155-159 public education, 379-380 seismic hazard maps, 79, 122 soil conditions and, 105(n.162) , 113, 155, 307-308 Uniform Building Code (UBC)
From page 405...
... , 32 Corinth fault, 225 Cost factors see also Funding earthquake damage, 2-6, 147, 149-151, 155-156, 350, 376, 377, 384 annualized earthquake losses, 2, 6, 150, 157 computer models, 149-150 prediction/risk assessment, 5-6, 147, 149-151 405 emergency response, 162-163 geodetic measures, 202, 203 Global Seismic Network (GSN) , 182 remote sensing, 217 research, general, 15-16, 356, 382-383, 391-393 seismic hazard maps, 123, 318 seismic networks, 176, 182, 185, 352, 353, 382 seismic safety investments, 6, 154-155, 156-157, 163-164 tsunamis, 119, 292-293 volcano damage, 200 Coulomb criteria, 26, 27, 46, 269-270, 362 Creep, 48, 49, 102(n.131)
From page 406...
... , 163, 164-165, 262, 392-393, 397 see also Bridges; Building codes; Buildings; Safety issues ground shaking, 15, 65-68, 70, 71-74, 155, 157-159, 377-378 historical perspectives, 28, 65-84 performance-based, 155-159
From page 407...
... , 193, 196, 200, 318, 354, 397 see also Volcanism nuclear, 11, 34, 88-89(n.34) , 178, 197 F Faulting and fault systems, 11, 12, 15, 185, 256, 257, 259, 263, 264-282, 361367, 373, 375, 386-389 see also Frictional processes; Prediction; Rupture dynamics; Seismology; Slippage, faults; Stick-slip faults; Strike-slip faults; Thrust faults; specific faults architecture, 265-266, 385 chaos, 261-262 cores of, 276, 280, 301 fault-zone geology, 216-217 geodetic measures, 201, 209-212, 214, 216, 351-358, 359-360, 364, 389 hazard analysis, 315-317 historical perspectives, general, 23-31, 39,40,42,43,45,46,48,51,53-54, 385 407 kinematics, 11, 42, 45, 56, 142, 224, 266268, 294-295, 361, 364, 375 laboratory studies, 11-12, 48, 64, 230-234 fault-friction processes, 214, 216, 262, 277, 279, 282, 365, 389-390 modeling, 257, 259-262, 263-264, 265, 274-278, 362-364, 367, 387, 390 rupture dynamics, 177, 282-297 (passim)
From page 408...
... , 8, 6768,71-72,74-75,77,78,192 hazard analysis, 110, 122, 319, 320 seismic hazard maps, 124, 139 peak ground velocity (PGV) , 110, 322 portable arrays, 193 prediction, 177, 318-322, 369-376, 377378, 386, 387, 388; see also "hazard analysis" supra rupture dynamics, 282, 292, 293-294, 309 seismic networks, 189-190 shear stress, 112, 113-114 time factors, 71, 110-111, 308, 321-322, 377, 391
From page 409...
... , 77, 79-80, 122, 124, 137, 314, 315, 317-318, 377, 380 site response characterization, 73, 74, 113, 151, 319-321 slippage, faults, 107-108, 123, 140, 315316 strike-slip faults, 108, 123, 144-145, 360 subduction, 129-130, 137, 140-142 tectonics, 108, 137-147 (passim) , 182 thrust faults, 128, 135-136 types of hazards, 107-121; see specific hazards supra wave propagation, 376, 377 HAZUS, 8, 149-151, 162 Hebgen Lake earthquake, 131 Hector Mine earthquake, 13, 50, 128, 206, 211, 213 Historical perspectives, 1, 2, 395 archaeological evidence, 20, 21, 22 computer applications, 70 earthquake science, 19-65, 176 economic losses, 4 engineering, 28, 65-80 fracture mechanics, 30, 47 frictional processes, 26, 46, 47-48, 49, 53, 86(n.18)
From page 410...
... , 3, 50, 80-84, 111, 113, 141, 144, 273, 304, 309, 312, 322, 379 Kanto earthquake, 55, 66 Niigata earthquake, 50 Nobi earthquake, 24, 50, 65-66, 97(n.97) , 141 strong-motion stations, 191 Tokai seismic gap, 58-59 Tokyo earthquake, 31 warning systems, 161 Jeffreys-Bullen model, 303 Johnson Valley fault, 296 K Kanto earthquake, 55, 66 Kinematics, faulting, 11, 42, 45, 56, 142, 224, 266-268, 294-295, 361, 364, 375 Kobe earthquake, 3, 50, 80-84, 111, 113, 141, 144, 273, 304, 309, 312, 322, 379 Koto, B., 23, 216 Kyoshin Net, 191 L Laboratory studies, 62, 64, 321, 365, 389-390 damage mechanics, 276, 281 fault-friction processes, 214, 262, 268, 277-280, 282, 365, 390 fracture mechanics, 11-12, 48 frictional processes, general, 11-12, 48, 230-233 rupture dynamics, 282-283
From page 411...
... , 118, 153 Stafford Act, 118, 153 Lehmann, Inge, 32 LIDAR, 217, 356 Liquefaction, 2, 44, 108, 114-116, 117-118, 136,227,229,370 Lithosphere, 231, 265, 300, 356-357, 385 see also Faulting and fault systems; Subduction; Tectonics central and eastern U.S., 132, 134 continental, 46, 144, 147, 191, 257 oceanic, 4043, 46, 47, 137-140, 266, 357358 stress observations and modeling, 239 tomographic mapping, 182 wave propagation, 309 Lithology, 232, 260, 266, 274, 279, 342343(n.156) Loma Prieta earthquake, 28, 50, 60, 112, 153, 212, 286, 304 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 397 Los Angeles, California, 128, 193 building codes, 67 ground shaking, 71 411 Northridge earthquake, 50, 73, 111-112, 118, 131, 156, 187, 289, 309, 312, 322, 323, 379 seismic networks, 185 tectonic strain, 205 Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment, 193 Lyell, Charles, 23, 145 M Mainshock, 50-51, 62, 97(n.98)
From page 412...
... , 2, 64, 73, 80, 113,122,156,163,164,165,350, 380, 382, 384, 395-398 (passim) National Earthquake Information Service, 196 National Earthquake Loss Reduction Program, 398 National Hazard Data Center, 397-398 National Institute of Standards and Technology, 164, 396 National Institutes for Building Standards, 149 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 397-398 National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 177 National Science Foundation, 382, 393 see also EarthScope INDEX Earth Science National Laboratory Program, 367 education, 381, 382 Global Seismic Network, 176, 182 Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation, 164, 378, 397 National Seismic Network, 189-190, 352 National Strong-Motion Program, 190 NEHRP, see, National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program NEHRP Reauthorization Act, 396 Neotectonics, 11, 128, 137, 216, 217, 224226, 356-357 Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation, 164, 378, 397 Nevada, 131, 132 New Madrid earthquakes, 122, 133, 134, 229 Newport-Inglewood fault, 123 New Zealand, 114, 171(n.64)
From page 413...
... , 147, 193, 265, 269, 275, 277, 280 frictional processes, 277 geodetic measures, 201, 202, 205, 212 remote sensing, 217 Prediction, 5, 8, 10, 11, 14-15, 151, 214, 256, 257,262,274,315-324,350,358-361 see also Hazards and hazard analysis; Risk assessment; Seismic hazard maps; Warning systems aftershock, 10, 61, 270-271 chaos and, 261-262 413 economic losses, 5-6, 149 engineering issues, 8, 155-159 geodetic measures, general, 64, 387 ground shaking, 177, 318-322, 369-376, 377-378, 386, 387, 388 historical perspectives, 54-65, 315, 385 intermediate-term, 60-62, 273-274, 314, 361-364, 368, 387 long-term, 54-60, 314, 358, 368, 384, 386387 Japan, 161 rupture nucleation, 290 seismic-gap method, 55-60, 61, 316 short-term, 62-65, 107, 269-273, 314, 387 volcanoes, 200, 386 Principles of Geology, 23, 145 Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) , 77, 79-80, 122, 124, 137, 314, 315, 317-318, 377, 380 Program of Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere, 191, 358 Project Impact, 164 Project NEPTUNE, 357-358 Project Vela Uniform, 40 Public education and outreach, ix, 2, 12-14, 163, 164, 165, 379-382, 383, 384385, 388 see also Warning systems building codes, 379-380 mass media, 8-9, 185 rapid dissemination of information, 2, 8-9, 83 seismic networks, 185 R Radiocarbon dating, 130, 223-224, 225, 356 Rapid Array Mobilization Program, 191 Ray theory, 303 Real-time analysis, 8, 147, 155, 161, 162, 163, 174(n.101)
From page 414...
... , 301 foreshocks, 286, 290 frictional processes, 301 geology, general, 368 ground shaking, 282, 292, 293-294, 309 hazards and hazard analysis, 107-110, 111-112, 120, 371, 376, 377 hypocenters, 292, 309 laboratory studies, 282-283 modeling, 177, 282-297 (passim) , 300301, 368-369 portable arrays, 193 INDEX temperature factors, 282-283, 300 time factors, 293-294, 301-302 velocity, 291, 292, 309 wave propagation, 292, 293-294, 368369, 375 S Safety issues, 2-8 see also Building codes; Emergency response; Engineering; Hazards and hazard analysis; Prediction; Risk assessment; Warning systems cost of safety investments, 6, 154-155, 156-157 San Andreas fault, 27-31, 36, 42, 53-54, 5560, 124, 128, 211, 225, 228, 238, 267, 279-280, 297 clustering, 269 dendrochronology, 222 Interferomic Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)
From page 415...
... , 176, 178-182, 190, 359, 388, 390 ground shaking, 189-190 International Ocean Network Program, 358 National Seismic Network, 189-190, 352 public information, 185 slippage, faults, 185, 189 TERRAscope Network, 185 USArray, 17-18(n.15) , 354, 364, 373, 374 415 World Wide Standardized Seismographic Network, 40, 41, 179, 395 Seismic reflection, 225, 356, 357, 371, 389 Seismic refraction, 112, 356, 357, 371, 389 Seismic tomography, 182, 183, 185, 198, 303-304, 364 Seismology, general, 14-15, 177-201 see also Faulting and fault systems; Ground shaking; Prediction; Strong-motion seismology; Tectonics; Wave propagation and scattering deep-focus earthquakes, 32-35, 42, 43, 4748, 53, 137, 256 historical perspectives, 23-36, 37, 40, 42, 46, 47, 50-52, 176, 303 nuclear explosions, 11, 34, 88(n.34)
From page 416...
... , 113, 155, 307-308 liquefaction, 2, 44, 108, 114-116, 117-118, 136, 227, 229, 370 strain, 113, 310-311 wave propagation, 113, 304, 307-308, 313, 321 Solid Earth and Natural Hazards Program, 398 Sonar, 217 South Africa, 186, 283 Southern California Earthquake Center, 128, 190, 318, 356, 376 Southern California Seismic Network, 180 South Carolina, 135, 229 Soviet Union, 62 Spirit leveling, 202 Stafford Act, 118, 153 Standards see also Building codes earthquake magnitude, 33, 49 ground acceleration and, 68 public education, 13-14, 382 Stick-slip faults, general, 48, 49, 108 laboratory experiments, 58, 230, 282 rupture dynamics, 282, 297 Strain, 19, 42, 48, 269, 275, 365 crustal, 11, 18(n.17) , 51, 53, 55, 64, 134, 201, 205, 211 geodetic measures, 202, 211-213, 214216, 356, 357; see also Strainmeters ground failure, 108 soils, 113, 310-311 Strainmeters, 17-18 (n.15)
From page 417...
... , 198, 238, 278, 280, 281, 290, 300, 365, 367, 389 rupture dynamics, 282-283, 300 Thrust faults, general, 26, 38, 42, 59, 195, 208, 226, 228, 238, 314, 357 blind thrust faults, 84-85(n.9) , 128, 129, 208, 225, 226, 228, 356 hazard analysis, 128, 135-136 Time factors see also Emergency response; Prediction; Warning systems aftershocks, 50-51, 61, 269-272 clustering, 56, 61, 189, 229, 268-274, 315, 316-317, 358, 361-362, 388-389 faulting, 12, 30, 58, 177, 193, 264-265, 266-268, 269-275, 322, 376 ground motion, 71, 110-111, 321-322, 391 strong-motion seismology, 308, 321322, 377 rupture dynamics, 293-294, 301-302 seismic-gap method, 55, 316 seismicity catalogs, 196 slip rates, 48, 49, 55, 144, 189, 201, 202, 209-210, 211, 225, 230, 231, 262, 266, 277, 278, 290, 294, 302, 351, 356, 360, 385, 387, 389 tsunamis, 165(n.1)
From page 418...
... , 18(n.16) , 131, 164 strong-motion seismology, 191 subsidence, 114 Wave propagation and scattering, 10-11, 177-178, 193, 302-314 see also Attenuation; Seismometry, seismograms, and seismographs aftershocks, 270, 272 basin effects, 193, 194, 302, 311, 375; see also "sedimentary basins" infra compressional waves, 34, 36 elastic waves, 11, 36, 198, 303, 304, 308, 375 equations, 303, 304, 309 ground shaking, 110-114, 177, 369-370, 371, 373, 375 hazard analysis, 376, 377 historical perspectives, 19, 28, 32, 33-34, 36, 42 modeling, 302-314, 369 rupture dynamics, 292, 293-294, 368369, 375 sedimentary basins, 302, 304, 307-308, 310, 311, 314, 369-370 soil conditions, 113, 304, 307-308, 313, 321 strike-slip faults, 309 Waves, tsunamis, see Tsunamis Wegener, Alfred, 36, 38 World Wide Standardized Seismographic Network, 40, 41, 179, 395 World Wide Web, see Internet Wyoming, 131


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