Frontiers in High Energy Density Physics The X-Games of Contemporary Science (2003) / Chapter Skim
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Glossary
Glossary
Pages 149-160
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From page 149... ...
When an extremely high energy cosmic ray enters the atmosphere, it collides with an atomic nucleus and starts a cascade of charged particles that produce light as they zip through the atmosphere. AGASA and other similar detectors measure the light emitted in these so-called air showers.
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From page 150... ...
Auger project: The Pierre Auger Observatory project, an international effort to study the highest-energy cosmic rays. Two giant detector arrays, each covering 3,000 km2, will be constructed in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
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From page 151... ...
With a theory of heat convection in fluids and of propagation of heat in deforming or vibrating solids, he showed that density fluctuations are of minor importance in the conservation of mass. The motion of a fluid initiated by heat results mostly in an excess of buoyancy and is not due to internal waves excited by density variations.
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From page 152... ...
is used to describe cosmic rays with energies exceeding approximately 5 x 1049 eV. Cyclotron radiation: The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a charged particle circling in a magnetic field substantially below the speed of light.
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From page 153... ...
White dwarfs are typically composed primarily of carbon, have about the radius of Earth, and do not significantly evolve further. Energy, Fermi: Synonymous with the electron chemical potential at absolute zero, the Fermi energy represents the energy level that the next electron into the system must have, to be at the lowest-possible freely available state.
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From page 154... ...
Instability, Richtmyer-Meshkov: Classical hydrodynamic interface instability of a shock-driven system with a density discontinuity. Instability, Weibel: The electromagnetic instability of a plasma due to anisotropic distribution of velocities in the plasma in the case of a wide beam flowing through a plasma, it leads to filamentation of the beam into beamlets of diameter of the order of chap, where c is the speed of light and cop is the plasma frequency.
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From page 155... ...
Magnetars: Neutron stars with the largest-known magnetic fields in the universe. Magnetic reconnection: In a plasma, the process by which plasma particles riding along two different field lines find themselves sharing the same field line: for instance, solar-wind particles on an interplanetary field line, and magnetospheric particles on a field line attached to Earth, finding themselves united on an "open" field line, which has one end anchored on Earth and the other in distant space.
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From page 156... ...
: A 192-beam, 1.8-MJ solid-state laser under construction by the Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. NIF will create conditions of extreme temperature and pressure in the laboratory that can be used for stockpile stewardship research, high energy density physics research, and inertial confinement fusion ign ition.
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From page 157... ...
. Radiative shocks: Nonlinearly steepened waves or shocks in which the electromagnetic field pressure or radiation pressure dominates over the usual thermal i., .
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From page 158... ...
Scattering, Raman: Similar to Brillouin scattering except that the scattering is off electron plasma density waves rather than ion waves. Scattering, stimulated Brillouin: Scattering in a plasma of a light wave off of ion acoustic wave density fluctuations (noise)
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From page 159... ...
Synchrotron radiation: The electromagnetic radiation emitted by charged particles in circular orbits at relativistic speeds in a magnetic field. Thermonuclear ignition: The point at which the energy generated in a plasma is sufficient to sustain continued nuclear fusion.
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From page 160... ...
The self-magnetic field of the plasma in the azimuthal direction causes the plasma to pinch.
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