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II. Findings and Recommendations
Pages 21-32

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From page 23...
... The nature of partnerships and their potential role in fostering and sustaining improvements in national security, social welfare, and economic growth are, therefore, issues of central policy concern.
From page 24...
... b. Features common to successful partnerships include industry initiation and leadership of projects, cost sharing predictable limits to public commitments of resources, 2 clear objectives, and learning through evaluation of measurable outcomes.
From page 25...
... This means that venture capital investments have recently been larger but fewer. For a broad overview of the early-stage equity market for high-growth ventures in the U.S., see Jeffrey Sohl, "The Early-Stage Equity Market in the USA," Venture Capital 1(2)
From page 26...
... innovation system has seen considerable adjustment following the transformations in national priorities brought about by the end of the Cold War and more recently since the onset of the new war on terror.9 One impact of this adjustment and efforts in the m~d-1990s to balance the federal budget has been that the R&D budgets of most federal agencies were reduced in real terms in the 1993-1997 period.~° When individual agencies cut research programs because of their own mission realignments, the collective impact on the federal investment research portfolio was not anticipated. ~David, Hall, and Toole survey the econometric evidence on "crowding out" over the past 35 years.
From page 27...
... Capitalizing on the nation's substantial investments in biomedicine therefore requires complementary investments to advance the fields of science and engineering supporting information technology.~4 i2See The American Association for the Advancement of Science, "Congressional Action on Research and Development in the FY 2002 Budget" at . The AAAS reports, "There are large increases for basic and applied research in FY2002, especially in NIH.
From page 28...
... f. In many instances efforts underway in the United States to support disciplines sustaining the technologies of the future do not match the rapid growth seen in corresponding foreign efforts.
From page 29...
... b. Doctrinal views on the appropriateness of government-industry cooperation overlook the reality of its contribution to the development of the United States in the past, understate the contributions of such cooperation in the present, and run the risk of compromising positive contributions in the future.
From page 30...
... Such cooperation is particularly relevant in the global semiconductor industry as it faces unprecedented technical challenges associated with sustaining Moore's Law.~9 i8The ATP program at NIST and the Fast Track program initiated at the Department of Defense are examples of regular evaluation and the integration of its lessons in program operations. See National Research Council, The Advanced Technology Program—Assessing Outcomes, op.cit., and National Research Council, SBIR—An Assessment of the Department of Defense Fast Track Initiative, op.cit.
From page 31...
... Renewed policy attention is required to encourage cooperative research in information technologies, the disciplines that support them, and in That means by 1975, the number of components per integrated circuit for minimum cost will be 65,000." See also, Gordon E Moore, "The Continuing Silicon Technology Evolution Inside the PC Platform," Intel Developer Update, Issue 2, October 15, 1997, where he notes that he "first observed the 'doubling of transistor density on a manufactured die every year' in 1965, just four years after the first planar integrated circuit was discovered.
From page 32...
... By bringing together various actors, public-private partnerships can make a valuable contribution to the long-term welfare and security of the United States and its continued leadership in the global economy.


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