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III. An Environment for Innovation
Pages 33-44

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From page 35...
... They include government policies related to taxation, especially capital gains, fiscal and monetary matters, education and training, trade promotion and expansion, regulatory policies (e.g., for antitrust and the environment) , intellectual property protection, government procurement, and export control.2 These policies can all directly affect the process of innovation, sometimes decisively.3 iSee National Research Council, U.S.
From page 36...
... capital markets also play a major role in availability and cost of capital.4 Public policies designed to develop, commercialize, and absorb new technologies further strengthen prospects for improved welfare and rapid economic growth.5 The core mission of the Committee on Government-Industry Partnerships is examining how public policy can stimulate the wide range of benefits technological advance can provide from more robust economic growth to better health, from more environmentally benign energy use to more effective and lower-cost national defense. The committee's focus on the policies that support and facilitate the development and exchange of knowledge as within and among private firms, universities, and national laboratories is therefore both practical and necessary.
From page 37...
... 23, who points out Alfred Marshall's observation in his classic Principles of Economics that geographic clusters of specific economic activities arise from the exchange of "tacit" knowledge among business people. AnnaLee Saxenian's review of the growth of Silicon Valley provides one view of the cluster phenomenon.
From page 38...
... 50, 1983, pp. 707-722, and "Export Subsidies and International Market Share Rivalry, " Journal of International Economics, vol.
From page 39...
... As a result, federal support for research in the knowledge economy needs to explicitly encourage research collaboration between industry, government labs and universities." Kenan Patrick Jarboe and Robert D Atkinson, "The Case for Technology in the Knowledge Economy; R&D, Economic Growth and the Role of Government," Washington, D.C.: Progressive Policy Institute, June 1, 1998, at .
From page 40...
... Trade Conflict in High Tech Industries, Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1992. Tyson notes that substantial advantages in trade accrue to nations that directly support strategic industries.
From page 41...
... Policies encouraging partnerships and other cooperative arrangements among universities, industry, and the government have proven in some cases to be effective measures for fostering the development of new productivity-enhancing technologies.25 Often such policies are related to specific government missions and procurement in sectors such as health, transport, and defense.26 In other cases, limited support to promising technologies with widespread applications may be the most appropriate approach.27 Indeed, as we see next, there is a long tradition of federal support to industry, dating from the founding of the republic. 24For environmental gains achieved through reduced energy demand resulting from improved energy efficiency, see, the presentation of Charles Becker in National Research Council, Partnerships for Solid-State Lighting, C
From page 42...
... For a broad study of investment in technology capital and its use in various sectors, see McKinsey Global Institute, U.S. Productivity Growth 1995-2000, Understanding the Contribution of Information Technology Relative to Other Factors.
From page 43...
... . 34See, for example, Brookes Martin and Zaki Wahhaj, "The Shocking Economic Impact of B2B" Global Economic Paper, 37, Goldman Sachs, February 3, 2000.
From page 44...
... Cohen and John Walsh, "Public Research, Patents and Implications for Industrial R&D in the Drug, Biotechnology, Semiconductor and Computer Industries" in National Research Council, Capitalizing on New Needs and New Opportunities: Government-Industry Partnerships in Biotechnology and Information Technologies, op.


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