Frontiers in Agricultural Research Food, Health, Environment, and Communities (2003) / Chapter Skim
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5. Collaboration
5. Collaboration
Pages 96-118
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From page 96... ...
MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH The success of the agriculture and food enterprise that followed the establishment of USDA and development of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in production agriculture through the 1980s was the result of targeted investments in meeting needs of individual states and agricultural regions.
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From page 97... ...
(1997) describe how social, demographic, and economic factors have affected adoption of various farming practices and therefore agriculture's impacts on ecosystem processes, and they call for research integrating social and natural sciences to develop sustainable agriculture.
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From page 98... ...
For example, the 1990 National Water Quality Initiative provided a potential model for coordinating multidisciplinary and multilocal research and extension efforts across federal agencies to meet a national environmental-research need (Amerman et al., 2001; Caswell, 2001; Zucker and Brown, 1998~. This 10-year program was a joint venture of ARS, the Cooperative State Research, Extension, and Education Service (CSREES)
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From page 99... ...
In REE research programs the extent of integration, multidisciplinary research, and multidisciplinary complementarily varies widely. Developing a systems approach will require a greater emphasis on multidisciplinary research planning and execution that combine rigorous techniques in the biologic, social, and physical sciences.
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From page 100... ...
were set aside for regional research, thereby stimulating many interuniversity collaborative efforts. The Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998 (US Congress, 1998)
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From page 102... ...
. In nutrition, for example, existing NIH-ARS collaborations include the National Food and Nutrition Analyses Program, which sets priorities for maintaining the National Nutrient Databank; an interagency agreement between NIH and the ARS Food Composition Laboratory for the development of new chemical methods for analyzing nutrients and other biologically active compounds in foods; and a 1998 Carotenoid Food Composition Database developed jointly by ARS and the Nutrition Coordinating Center at the University of Minnesota with partial funding from the National Cancer Institute (NCI)
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From page 103... ...
Many of the environmental research frontiers identified by this report overlap with issues facing other federal agencies, particularly the land and natural-resource management agencies in DOI. Examples include invasive species, environmentally sound management practices, carbon sequestration, and integration of spatial technologies and distributed datasets into decision-making for natural-resource management.
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From page 104... ...
Other federal agencies, such as NIH and EPA, have expressed interest in using the extension system for their own outreach efforts, and there are numerous models of new partnerships between Cooperative Extension and federal agencies. For example, a CSREES-administered collaborative project, Healthy Indoor Air for America' s Homes, links EPA with Cooperative Extension in 46 states to eliminate household hazardous substances.
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From page 105... ...
In FY 2001, visiting scientists made up almost 8% of the 1,980 scientists in the ARS workforce TABLE 5-1 Visiting Scientists at ARS, 1998-2001 2001 2000 1999 1998 Number of visiting scientists Number of countries represented Top countries represented Cost to support each scientist 156 129 15 36 China, Korea, China, Italy, Brazil France $303,247 $122,940 135 193 48 41 China, Japan, China, Korea, Brazil Brazil $150,000 NAa aNA = data not available. Source: USDA ARS (2002)
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From page 106... ...
, FAO, the World Bank, and numerous national agricultural research systems, such as Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria in Brazil and the India Council for Agriculture Research. Given the limitations on human and financial resources available in REE agencies, it may not be feasible or efficient to contribute directly to improving agricultural productivity in developing countries.
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From page 107... ...
There is a growing gap in agricultural research intensity (agricultural R&D relative to national agricultural gross domestic product) between developed and developing countries (see Chapter 4~.
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From page 108... ...
Act of 1980 [US Congress, 19801 and the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986 [US Congress, 19861~; establishment of minimal standards of intellectual-property protection,2 mechanisms for intellectual-property rights enforcement, and provisions for dispute settlement for World Trade Organization (WTO) members under the TRIPS (trade-related aspects of intellectual property)
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From page 109... ...
, and in 2000 over 250 CRADAs were active, using combined public and private resources of TABLE 5-2 USDA Technology-Transfer Activities, 1987-2000 Patent License Number of Active Number of Royalties, millions CRADAs with Value of CRADAs,a Year Patents Awarded of dollars Private Sector millions of dollars 1987 34 0.09 9 1.6 1988 28 0.10 48 8.7 1989 47 0.42 86 15.6 1990 42 0.57 145 18.9 1991 57 0.83 181 25.6 1992 56 1.00 172 30.0 1993 57 1.50 172 34.0 1994 40 1.40 208 61.3 1995 38 1.60 229 80.1 1996 53 2.10 244 98.9 1997 35 2.30 273 155.5 1998 57 2.40 271 120.2 1999 74 2.40 298 136.7 2000 64 2.60 257 125.1 aIncludes total value of USDA and private-sector resources committed to active CRADAs over their lifetime. Source: USDA, ERS, compiled from ARS Office of Technology Transfer data in USDA (US Department of Agriculture)
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From page 110... ...
Since the CRADA legislation was enacted in 1986, there has been increased spending by the private sector in federal laboratories. Public-private partnerships are less well developed in agricultural research than in industrial research and account for a smaller share of total research resources.
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From page 111... ...
Finally, a dominant problem that public agencies face is gaining access to proprietary technologies, an issue particularly relevant to the ability to execute and commercialize research that is at least partially predicated on other technologies that are legally sequestered by other organizations so-called "interlocking"
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From page 114... ...
Benefits of such collaborations include more-successful technology transfer, increased support for research, and expanded scientific networks. Concerns about such collaborations include their potential effect on priority-setting in the public sector, on scientific-information generation, and on the allocation of resources for future research.
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From page 115... ...
· Prevent diversion of public resources away from research that can be carried out only in the public sector. · Pursue strategic private-sector collaboration necessary to achieve public goals.
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From page 116... ...
Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. Pardey, P.G., J.M.
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1996. Agriculture Research and Development: Public and Private Investments Under Alternative Markets and Institutions.
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From page 118... ...
. Annex 1C of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.
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