Fair Weather Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services (2003) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix C: Major Systems Overview
Appendix C: Major Systems Overview
Pages 135-148
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From page 135... ...
Appendix C Major Systems Overview 135
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From page 136... ...
. missing c .ata ASOS sensor outages vary from 24 to 120 hours depending on the type of outage and the level of activity of the airport Human observers augment the observations at all federal towered airports while tower is open At larger airports, dedicated weather observers are on duty 24 hours a day to augment and backup the ASOS NCDC can acquire data from nearby cooperative 0 Serving stations to replace missing data Overview · The i senso and f stand clime · This' senso prlva may candi · It is ~ be try FAA these These other algor: to co: · The r woul' be ca Inters able l Miscellany · COO they ~ readies proce · Not c menu time ~ impo: infor, for lc withc clime · Not c cater
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From page 137... ...
. APPENDIX C 137 Processing Collection and Dissemination Collection · ASOS sensors connected via fiber optic cable to data collection package, which broadcasts data to processors in the airport control tower At NWS sites, observations are sent via modem and dial lines to NWS computers at the local forecast offices for transmission over the A~7IPS network to the NWSTG At FAA sites, they are sent via dedicated circuits to an ARTCC then to the FAA communication centers in Atlanta and Salt Lake City before being routed to the N~7STG .
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From page 138... ...
transmitter to downlink information via NOAA satellites Wind speed and direction determined from movement of balloon Content · Wind speed and direction · Temperature · Humidity · Pressure Update Cycle · Launched globally every 12 hours Technology · "Clear air radar" technology using relatively long wavelengths (74 cm or 67 cm) Temperature profiling is provided by a Radio Acoustic Sounding System Each system has a surface meteorological sensor package Each system also has a GPS-IPWV subsystem, which uses the GPS satellites to measure the amount of integrated precipitable water vapor in the atmosphere above the site Content Profiles of horizontal wind speed and .
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From page 139... ...
An additional 128 bytes of information are added to each cycle with the application of quality control Collection . Data are transmitted from the balloon to a NOAA communications satellite and back down to the NWS Camp Springs, Md., facility Dissemination Via the Family of Services 9600 baud connection Via the NOAA Port 3-T1 satellite broadcast Via ftp from the OSO server in Silver Spring, Md.
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From page 140... ...
. On-site processing consists of 10 major steps including Fourier analysis, spectral averaging, power spectra calculations, D.C.
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From page 141... ...
It is a software modification to existing systems of the aircraft, so no mechanical upgrades are required, but the increased data rate must be agreed upon . A secondary backup method using the the Internet can be activated if the dedicated circuit fails From the NWSTG, data are sent to the AWIPS WAN, NCEP, NOAA Port, and other NOAA organizations including NCDC, the Family of Services, and theGTS NWS primary use of disseminated data is in the operational numerical weather prediction models and by local forecasters At times, transmission to NWSTG and .
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From page 142... ...
· Located throughout CONUS · More than 150 radars Technology · NEXRAD Doppler radars connected to a 1988 generation processing system for converting to derived products Narrow beamwidth, high-power translating to very sensitive returns Range is 460 km for reflectivity products, 230 km for radial velocity and spectrum width products Commercial systems have limited range of about half that of NEXRAD Content · Base data consist of spectral width, velocity, and reflectivity at 0.25-km resolution Derived products include base reflectivity (1, 2, and 4 km) ; composite reflectivity (4 km)
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From page 143... ...
has successfully prototyped the collection of base data from 58 sites in near real time operational models and forwarded to NOAA's FSL for model development All observations received at NCEP and FSL are stored 80,000-100,000 per day Collection Derived data are transmitted from the Radar Product Generator through the AWIPS processor at the radar site to the AWIPS-WAN 154 of the 158 sites produce a set of 18 derived products, which are sent to the NWS Central Radar server. The NWS sites record a set of Level 3 products, which are archived at NCD C The base data (Level 2)
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From page 144... ...
Lightning Detection Private Sector · Owns and operates the National Lightning Detection Network · Deployed in late 1970s to early 1980s · Two networks merged to form Global Atmospherics, Inc., recently purchased by Vaisala, a Finnish company Local site technicians repair the radar as required. No data collected while the radar is inoperative Technology MON Buoys, C-MAN, and other station sensors calibrated by NDBC Calibration Laboratory.
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From page 145... ...
The network operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Collection · Moored buoy, C-MAN, drifting buoy, and float data are transmitted via NOAA GOES and POES to NOAA downlink at Wallops Island from the buoy to a NOAA communications satellite and back down to the NWS Camp Springs facility Dissemination Via the Family of Services 19200 baud connection Via GTS under WMO bulletins Via the NOAA Port 3-T1 satellite broadcast to EMWIN Via ftp from the NWS OSO server in Silver Spring, Md. Via NOAA Weather Radio broadcast Via AWIPS LAN Via NDBC home page Collection · Data are transmitted from over 100 remote sensors via a satellite-based communications network to the Network Control Center operated by Vaisala-GAI, Inc., in Tucson, Ariz.
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From page 146... ...
Army Corps of Engineers; CRAFT = Collaborative Radar Acquisition Field Test; DAPS = automated processing system; DOD = Department of Defense; DOE = Department of Energy; ECMWF = European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts; EMWIN = Emergency Managers Weather Information Neto _ ~ a J O work; EPA = Environmental Protection Agency; FAA = Federal Aviation Administration; FSL = Forecast Systems Laboratory; GAI = Global Atmospherics, Inc.; GPS = Global Positioning System; GPS-IPWV = Integrated Precipitable Water Vapor; GTS = Global Telecommunications System; INMARSAT AMVER SEAS = International Mobile Satellite Organization Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System Shipboard Environmental Data Acquisition System;
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From page 147... ...
Many users also have their own ground-based satellite data receivers and process the data directly upon receipt for their own uses ITWS = Integrated Terminal Weather System; MDCRS = Meteorological Data Collection and Reporting System; METAR = aviation routine weather report; MON = Marine Observation Network; NCC = Network Control Center; NCDC = National Climatic Data Center; NCEP = National Centers for Environmental Prediction; NDBC = National Data Buoy Center; NESDIS = National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service; NEXRAD = NEXt generation weather RADar; NPOESS = National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System; NWA = Northwest Airlines; NLDN = National Lightning Detection Network; NMHS = National Meteorological and Hydrological Services; NWS = National Weather Service; NWP = Numerical Weather Prediction; NWSTG = NWS Telecommunications Gate; OAR = Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research; RDA = Radar Data Acquisition; SPECI = Special Meteorological Aeronautical Report; UAL = United Airlines; UPS = U.S. Postal Service; USDA = U.S.
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From page 148... ...
~ 148 Appendix E have mounted a large fairness research effort, motivated by early experiments in which humans failed to show completely selfish. self-interested behavior—the behavior assumed bv economic A .
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