The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

Index
Pages 353-367

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 353... ... antiretroviral therapy for, 85, 90box, 150, 227 antivirals and, 198 famine and, 126 global burden of, 25-26, 27fig., 28-29 increasing incidence of, 59box nosocomial infections and, 112 social network model and, 339 sub-Saharan Africa and, 26, 28, 128box, 150, 227 Acute respiratory disease, 73, 287 Aerosol terrorist attacks, 48, 49, 50, 131, 132, 134-135 Afghanistan, 157box Africa, 21, 26, 36t, 70, 188 cholera in, 109, 110 demographic changes in, 81 food emergencies in, 125 353 HIV/AIDS in, 26, 28, 128box, 150, 227 illicit drug use in, 87, 88 Lassa fever virus in, 73 malaria in, 31, 35t malnutrition in, 63 measles in, 115 political instability in, 228 sexually transmitted diseases in, 8990box tuberculosis in, 30-31 vaccinations in, 114 yellow fever in, 68, 186 Agency for International Development (USAID) global disease surveillance and, 9, 159 interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224 response capacity, 8, 151 vaccine strategy and, 13, 190 Agent-based models, 337-338 Agriculture, 3, 20, 22, 126 ecosystem disruption and, 67 inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 207-209 international trade and, 103-104 Agriculture, Department of (USDA) Read the entire page →
From page 354... ... , 183box Animal husbandry practices, 91-93 anthrax and, 133box inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 207-209 influenza virus and, 145-146 Animal reservoirs, 2, 4, 59box, 68 abundance and distribution of, 71-75 changes in environment and, 64 domestic animals, 223 increased human contact with, 5, 20, 75-76, 213 of influenza viruses, 139, 141 intelligence gathering about, 324-325 Animals, 22, 166 antibiotic use in, 211box antimicrobials in growth promotion of, 15 raised as food products, 6 relation to microbes, 54 Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) , 20, 46, 48-49, 166 diagnostics and, 174-175 immunohistochemistry and, 177 as natural zoonotic disease, 223 need for stockpile of antimicrobials and, 203 public health capacity and, 162 syndromic surveillance and, 282-283, 287, 289 terrorists and, 34t, 130, 132, 133box, 134, 165, 186 vaccine for, 187 Antibiotics, 24box, 184, 190-191, 192 195t, 320 animal husbandry and, 92-93 bacterial resistance to, 146-147 bioterrorism and, 48, 49 broad-spectrum, 11, 175 chronic conditions treated with, 43 INDEX Antimicrobial resistance, 32, 38-40, 41fig., 202, 212box, 320 animal husbandry practices and, 92 climate change and, 65 diagnostics and, 176 tuberculosis control and, 117 Antimicrobials, 6, 91 in aquaculture, 93-94 inappropriate use of, 11, 14-15, 204209 need for new drugs, 13-14, 190-191, 192-197t, 198, l99t, 200fig., 201204 Antiretroviral therapy, 150, 201t, 227 Antitoxins, 14, 204 Antivirals, 14, 143, 203 HIV and, 198, 201 influenza and, 201-202 need for new drugs, 191, 195-197t, 198 Aquaculture, 93-94, 104 Arbovirus, 118 Archaea pathogens, 313, 314 Arenaviruses, 72, 73 Argentina, 73, 74 Argentine hemorrhagic fever, 73 Arthropod vectors, 68, 70, 71, 185, 186, 213 Asia, 71, 73, 77, 89-9Obox, 155 "Asian flu, " 138 Aspergillosis/Aspergillus spp., 66box, 86 Atherosclerosis, 42t, 44 Aum Shinrikyo, 130 Australia, 36t, 40, 72box Autopsies, 177, 178box Avian influenza, 33fig., 139, 141fig., 142fig., 144 B Babesiosis, 95 Bacteria, 23n, 34-35t. Read the entire page →
From page 355... ... anthrax attacks and, 133box comprehensive research agenda and, 16, 221 disease reporting of, 10, 98 Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, 118 Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) and, 181-182 etiologic diagnosis and, 11, 179,205 global response capacity and, 8,151 hantavirus emergence and, 75 inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 14,207 influenza virus and, 156 interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, malaria reports and, 31 molecular biology and, 213,214,215 on nosocomial infections, 112 organ/tissue transplantation and, 96 public health capacity and, 96,160,161 surveillance networks and, 9, 11, 154155, 159,164,167,170,282,284, 289. Read the entire page →
From page 356... ... , 151, 171, 203 biological weapons and, 50 diagnostic tests and, 11, 179 disease control and, 15 global response capacity and, 8, 151 infectious disease surveillance and, 9, 154, 155, 159 interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224 syndromic surveillance and, 287-288 training of health professionals and, 12 Triservice Serum Repository, 177 vaccines and, 13, 187 vector control and, 219 Deforestation, 75, 149, 221 Demographics, 6, 28-29, 54box, 78-88 Dengue, 33fig., 35t dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome (DHF-SS) , 120-121box, 185-186 ecological factors and, 221 harmonic decomposition analysis and, 337 vaccine for, 185, 189 vector ecology of, 68, 70 Denmark, 208, 223-224 Developing countries, 8, 13, 149, 206, 221. Read the entire page →
From page 357... ... See Antimicrobial resistance Drugs, illicit, 86-88, 220 Duffy antigen, 62 Dysentery, 126 E Early Warning Outbreak Recognition System (EWORS) , 307 Ebola virus, 33fig., 36t, 129box, 156 as agent of biological warfare, 47box antivirals and, 198 autopsies and, 178box biological warfare and, 130 Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) Read the entire page →
From page 358... ... , 168t Gonococci, 39, 40 Gonorrhea, 89box, 128box Guanarito virus, 68, 72 Guatemala, 105, 110 H Haemophilus influenzue, 97 Haldane, J.B.S., 61 Handwashing practices, 112 Hantaan virus, 73-74 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 1, 21, 33fig., 36t, 73, 74, 165, 215 Hantaviruses, 65, 72, 158, 182. See also Rodents; Sin Nombre virus as agent of biological warfare, 47box distribution of, 73-75 syndromic surveillance and, 282 vector ecology of, 68 Harmonic decomposition analysis, 336-337 Health Alert Network (HAN) Read the entire page →
From page 359... ... 6, 42t, 87, 95, 97 antivirals for, 191 liver cancer and, 122 Hepatitis C, 6, 33fig., 42t, 87, 97 antivirals for, 191 blood transfusions and, 95 etiologic diagnosis and, 179 transmission of, 94 359 international commerce/travel and, 97 life expectancy in developing countries and, 81 medical description, 36t PCR assays and, 179 simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and, 76 social network model and, 339 vaccine against, 57, 185, 227 Human organ transplants, 6 Human papilloma virus (HPV) Read the entire page →
From page 360... ... codes, 171, 288, 291, 292, 300 International Collaborations in Infectious Disease Research (ICIDR) , 215 International surveillance systems, 301, 306-307 Internet, 156, 160-161, 164 network modeling and, 339-340 outbreak reporting on, 306 syndromic surveillance and, 282 terrorism and, 46 Iran, 110 Iraq, 110 Israel, 101box, 307 INDEX J Japan, 145, 188 Japanese encephalitis, 68, 72box, 77 Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program, 50 Junin virus, 73 K Kenya, 88, 155 Korea, 158 Korean hemorrhagic fever, 74 L Lactoferrin enzyme, 60 Land use, 4-5, 20, 54box, 75-77, 221 Lassa fever, 33fig., 73, 112 as agent of biological warfare, 47box ecological factors and, 221 rodent vectors of, 324 Latin America, 28, 35t, 70, 78, 87, 188 cholera in, 109, 110 sexually transmitted diseases in, 89box LEADER (Lightweight Epidemiology and Advanced Detection and Emergency Response System) Read the entire page →
From page 361... ... , 153, 155, 156 National Institutes of Health (NIH) blood transfusions and, 95 romprehensive research agenda and, 16, 151, 221 disease control and, 15, 213 etiologic diagnosis and, 11, 179 Fogarty International Center, 153 global response capacity and, 8, 151 infectious diseases surveillance and, 9, 159 interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224 molecular biology and, 213, 215 training of health professionals and, 12, 183 vector control and, 213, 219 National Intelligence Council, 125, 150 National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) Read the entire page →
From page 362... ... See also Microbial threats animal reservoirs of, 71-75 chronic conditions caused by, 43 discovery of, 313-319 diversity of, 175 ease of transport and, 85 INDEX ecosystem disruption and, 67-68 genetic material of, 56 host immunity and, 60 risk of exposure to, 6 transmission interruption, 217-218 vector ecology of, 70 Peptic ulcer disease, 42t Pertussis, 26t, 114, 188 Peru, 155 Pesticides, 15, 118, 213, 219, 228 improvement of, 216 usage strategies, 216-217 Pets, exotic, 19, 104 Ppesteria piscicida, 92 Pharmaceutical companies, 13-14, 186, 187, 191, 192-197t, 204 Pharmacokinetics, 38 Philippines, 72box Plague (Yersinia pestis) , 21, 33fig., 46, 47box, 49-50, 165 arthropod vectors of, 71 poor sanitation and, 221 public health breakdown and, 110-111 rat-flea vector of, 86 recent epidemics of, 72 terrorism and, 34t, 130, 281-282, 283 vaccine for, 187 Plum Island, 183box Pneumococcal disease, 114 Pneumococci, 39 Pneumonia, 24box, 38, 44, 114, 179, 314 diagnostics and, 175, 180 influenza and, 147 nosocomial transmission of, 113-114 sample collection/processing and, 319 syndromic surveillance and, 296 Pneumonic plague, 111 Poliomyelitis, 24box, 151 Political will, lack of, 7, 54box, 127-130 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Read the entire page →
From page 363... ... See also Hantaviruses emerging infectious diseases and, 34t, 36t increasing significance of, 73 Lyme disease and, 76 plague and, 110 Romania, 20, 101 box Rotavirus, 189 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 127 Rubella, 97, 102, 114 Russia, 20, 28, 87. See also Soviet Union, former anthrax outbreak in, 133box diphtheria in, 115 poverty in, 123box tuberculosis in, 30, 150 West Nile virus in, 101box Rwanda, 126 S Saint Louis encephalitis, 70 Salmonella spp., 47box, 92, 106, 107 animal husbandry practices and, 207 intentional use of, 132 Salmonellosis, 97-98, 107 Sample collection/processing, 319 San Joaquin Valley fever, 66box Sanitation, poor conditions of, 19, 107114, 220-221 Sarin gas, 132 Saudi Arabia, 69box, 98box Scarlet fever, 88 Schistosomiasis, 76, 77, 185 Read the entire page →
From page 364... ... See also Poverty Somalia, 126 South Africa, 88 South America, 68, 74, 85, 110, 155, 186 Southeast Asia, 188 Soviet Union, former, 31, 34t, 48, 49, 50. See also Russia biological warfare program of, 130, 131, 134, 135 diphtheria in, 115-116 public health breakdown in, 107 sexually transmitted diseases in, 90box tuberculosis in, 150 "Spanish flu" pandemic (1918) Read the entire page →
From page 365... ... , 1, 30, 33fig., 38, 122, 128box, 153 in United States, 24box vaccine for, 185, 189 Tularemia, 46, 47box, 50 aerosol dissemination of, 134 recent epidemics of, 72 syndromic surveillance and, 289 vaccine for, 187 Turning Point initiative, 121 Typhoid fever, 33fig., 88 U Uganda, 20, 113box, 182 Ukraine, 115 365 Unexplained Deaths and Critical Illnesses Project, 322-323 United Kingdom, 95, 106 United Nations, 21, 78 United States, 7, 8-9, 71 animal husbandry in, 91-93 biological warfare program of, 130, 131, 134, 135 child care demographics in, 79box diversity of research domains in, 16 global response capacity and, 151, 154159 HIV/AIDS in, 29, 150, 227 human resource capacity of, 213 immunizations in, 114-115 infectious diseases in, 1, 21, 169box influenza pandemic of 1918 in, 137box interdisciplinary disease centers in, 224 life expectancy in, 81, 83fig. Lyme disease in, 76 malaria in, 31-32 organ/tissue transplants in, 95 overuse of antibiotics in, 176 population growth in, 78 public health breakdown in, 6, 107 rebuilding public health capacity in, 159-163 reprieve from infectious diseases in, 23, 24-25box sexually transmitted diseases in, 45, 8990box surveillance systems in, 10, 158-159 terrorist threat against, 46-51 tuberculosis in, 30 vaccines in, 186-188 West Nile virus in, 98, 100-lOlbox Unprotected sex, 86, 88, 220 Urbanization, 6, 29, 149, 213, 220 ecosystem disruption and, 67 global market economy and, 23 rural-to-urban migration, 81, 83-85 world megacities, 85t V Vaccines, 2, 24box, 143, 228. Read the entire page →
From page 366... ... See also Microbes; Microbial threats; specific viruses chronic conditions associated with, 42t etiologic diagnosis and, 178 genetic mutations in, 56 human immune system and, 57 stages of replication, 199t Vitamin deficiencies, 63-64 W Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 288 War, 7, 19, 23, 63, 125-126, 220 Water for agricultural use, 20 contaminated, 67box pollution from animal husbandry practices, 91, 92 potable, 6, 23, 83, 107 Waterborne diseases, 47box, 65 Weather, 4, 20, 54box, 64-65, 67, 336. See also Climate West Nile virus, 2, 15, 20, 37t, 213, 214 autopsies and, 178box avian reservoir of, 324 blood transfusions and, 95 clustering of, 165 control of, 118 ecological factors and, 221 encephalitis, 1, 6, 20 INDEX immunohistochemistry and, 177 infectious disease surveillance and, 166 public health capacity and, 162 rapid spread of, 150 syndromic surveillance and, 281, 282 vector ecology of, 68 worldwide outbreaks of, 100-lOlbox Whitewater Arrovo virus, 33fig., 3 7t Work absenteeism, 293, 295box Workforce, education/training of, 12, 15, 16, 181-184 World Bank, 9 World Health Organization (WHO) Read the entire page →
From page 367... ... INDEX z Zaire, 112, 126, 129box, 130, 182. See also Congo, Democratic Republic of Zimbabwe, 30, 126 Zoonotic diseases, 32, 34t, 36-37t, 54, 219, 223 in China, 145 control of, 15, 117-118, 209 Rift Valley fever (RVF) Read the entire page →

From page 353...

... antiretroviral therapy for, 85, 90box, 150, 227 antivirals and, 198 famine and, 126 global burden of, 25-26, 27fig., 28-29 increasing incidence of, 59box nosocomial infections and, 112 social network model and, 339 sub-Saharan Africa and, 26, 28, 128box, 150, 227 Acute respiratory disease, 73, 287 Aerosol terrorist attacks, 48, 49, 50, 131, 132, 134-135 Afghanistan, 157box Africa, 21, 26, 36t, 70, 188 cholera in, 109, 110 demographic changes in, 81 food emergencies in, 125 353 HIV/AIDS in, 26, 28, 128box, 150, 227 illicit drug use in, 87, 88 Lassa fever virus in, 73 malaria in, 31, 35t malnutrition in, 63 measles in, 115 political instability in, 228 sexually transmitted diseases in, 8990box tuberculosis in, 30-31 vaccinations in, 114 yellow fever in, 68, 186 Agency for International Development (USAID) global disease surveillance and, 9, 159 interdisciplinary disease centers and, 17, 224 response capacity, 8, 151 vaccine strategy and, 13, 190 Agent-based models, 337-338 Agriculture, 3, 20, 22, 126 ecosystem disruption and, 67 inappropriate use of antimicrobials and, 207-209 international trade and, 103-104 Agriculture, Department of (USDA)

Index Pages 353-367

Index
Pages 353-367