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From page 277...
... , 134, 136, 139, 140, 145-146, 148, 156 Arctic Slope Regional Corporation (ASRC) , 4, 22, 49, 53, 134, 143-144, 147-148, 156, 174, 179-180 coastal communities, 19, 20, 124-135, 136 education, 23, 146-147 food contamination, 1, 13 employment, 4, 20, 23, 103, 142, 143-144, 146-147, 148 cash economy, transition to, 49, 132, 146, 147, 158-159 health, 1, 9-10, 13 whaling, hunter safety, 100, 135, 136, 156 historical perspectives, oil, uses of, 32, 167-168 population growth/composition, 19, 20 social environment, general, 4, 19, 20-23, 132-136 subsistence and other economic emphases, 20 traditional knowledge, 16-17, 18, 56-57, 100, 102, 135, 132, 136, 149, 151, 232-233 Western contacts, 20 277 ice cellars, 56-57, 135 income, 4, 20, 23 landscape, spiritual impacts, 8, 137 leasing, 178 population demographics, 19, 20, 23, 25 racism, 146-147 restoration requirements, 93 socioeconomic factors, 8, 9, 20, 23, 103, 135, 139, 141-143 see also Subsistence; "employment" above adaptation effects, 8, 132, 147-148, 158159 cash economy, transition to, 49, 132, 146, 147, 158-159 oil production levels, 147, 148 historical perspectives, 4, 19, 20-23, 132136 income, 4, 20, 23 redistribution of wealth, 49 traditional knowledge, 16-17, 18, 56-57, 100, 102, 132, 135, 136, 149, 151, 232-233 wilderness and wildlands, 8, 137, 140; see also "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge" above Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, 71, 229, 237-238 Alaska Permanent Fund, 144 Algae, 30, 31, 130-132 Animals, see Fish and fisheries; Insects; Wildlife; Wildlife food and feeding; Wildlife habitat; Wildlife reproductive behavior Aquatic ecosystems, 30-31 see also Coastal zones; Fish and fisheries; Freshwater environments; Lakes; Marine environments and organisms; Rivers and streams; Water quality; Wetlands Arctic cisco, 123-125, 128, 129, 130 Arctic Drilling Platform, 185 Arctic Foothills, 25, 28, 29, 39 Arctic foxes, 20, 30, 89, 117, 119 Arctic grayling, 22, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130, 138
From page 278...
... , 4, 22, 49, 53, 134, 143-144, 147-148, 156, 174, 179-180 Areas of special importance, 76, 77, 96, 97 Army Corps of Engineers, 91-92, 128, 230-231, 239, 240 B Barrier islands, 4, 24, 26-27, 225 Barrow Arch, 24, 26, 53, 54, 55, 170, 174, 180, 181, 224 Bears, see Grizzly bears; Polar bears Beaufort Sea, 24, 26, 27, 30-31, 74, 103 benthic communities, 130, 131 coal reserves, 60 fish, 124, 129 geomophology, 25 gravel causeways/islands, 40, 49, 74, 129 historical perspectives, 172, 174, 177 oil spills, 180, 220-224, 225, 226 permitted discharges, 74 phytoplankton, 4, 30-31 projected activities, 52, 54, 60 sea ice structure, 48-49 seals and polar bears, 104, 105, 106 whales, 17, 99, 100, 103 zooplankton, 4, 31, 130, 131 Beluga whales, 4, 57, 99, 105 Benthic invertebrates, 4, 30, 31, 73, 129, 130131, 153 Bering Sea, 27 fish, 124 polar beers, 103 seals and walrus, 100, 103 whale populations, 4, 17, 98, 99 Bering Strait, 26, 99 Birds, 30, 31, 118-123 see also Shorebirds; Waterfowl bird mounds, 89 black brants, 121, 122 eiders, 121-122 lesser snow geese, 122 loons,4, 119-120 pingo habitat, 89 INDEX population dynamics, 6, 118-119, 157-158 predators, of birds, 30, 89, 117, 119, 122, 123, 157 raptors, 30, 119, 122-123 snow geese, 122 subsistence hunting, 22 tundra, 30, 119, 120-121 tundra swan, 120-121 Black brants, 121, 122 Bowhead whales, 1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 20, 64, 99-103 oil spills, 10, 100-103, 105 noise, 100-104 (passim) , 136, 153 seismic, 100, 102, 103, 135, 136, 144-145, 156 seasonal factors, 99-100, 156 social impacts, 135, 156 stock, numbers, 99 subsistence hunting, 21, 22, 135, 136, 137, 144-145, 157 Bridges, 129, 196, 197, 202, 204, 206 Broad whitefish, 123, 125, 128, 129, 130 Brooks Range, 25, 53-54 birds, 122-123 caribou, 106, 109, 115, 116 coal reserves, 60 Long Term Ecological Research program, 151 natural gas reserves, 53-54, 55 oil reserves, 53, 54 projected developments, 53, 54, 55 wildlife population dynamics, 99 Bureau of Land Management, 54, 62 restoration of sites, 91, 92, 95 wilderness and wildlands, 140, 141 Bureau of Mines, 167 C Caribou, 6, 106-117, 153 Aeromap analysis, 197, 204 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
From page 279...
... , 127, 128, 129, 153 historical perspectives, 172, 175, 177 natural gas reserves, 53 oil reserves, 52, 53, 172 water withdrawals, 153 Communication climatic effects, 19 social isolation, 4, 5, 13, 20, 23, 24, 132, 135, 137-138 Costs and cost-benefit factors, 10-11, 141-146, 159 air pollution, 144 future developments, prediction, 182 market price for oil, 51, 52, 134, 144, 145, 181, 242-245 ice roads and pads, 36-37 rehabilitation of disturbed sites, 9, 93, 94-95, 96, 150 research methods, ix, 10- 11, 132- 133, 145, 150, 152, 242-245 social/living needs, 133-134, 139-140 transportation/cost of living, 4-5, 20, 135 spills, 76 Trans-Alaska Pipeline, 134 Court cases, see Litigation Cultural factors, see Alaska Natives; Social factors and impacts; Subsistence Culverts, 44, 74, 78, 117, 125, 126, 129, 156 Aeromap analysis, 196, 197, 202, 204, 206 Cumulative effects see also Air quality; Alaska Natives; Aquatic ecosystems; Climate; Human health; Oil spills; Spills, other than oil; Terrestrial environment; Vegetation; Wildlife; specific biota, environments, human effects, and oil and gas activities assessment methods, 2, 15 projections, 2, 155 research methods, 2, 13-15 D Dalton Highway, 23, 35, 44, 56, 77, 78, 95, 106, 110, 111, 138, 211 Databases contaminated sites, 94 geographic information systems, 151 spatial, ecosystem and wildlife, 97 Deltas, 4, 26 279 Department of Commerce National Marine Fisheries Service, 17, 240 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 13, 17, 240 whales, 17 Department of the Interior see also Bureau of Land Management; Minerals Management Service Bureau of Mines, 167 Environmental Studies Program, 13 outer continental shelf, 13, 54 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 74, 88, 96, 104-105, 188, 240, 241 U.S.
From page 280...
... marine,4,31, 123 climate warming, 57 diadromous species, 4, 64, 123-125, 127129, 130, 236 predators, 57 migratory, 4, 13, 64, 123-125, 127-129 diadromous species, 4, 64, 123-125, 127129, 130, 236 number of species, 4, 31 offshore activities, 123, 124, 125, 128, 129 recreational fishing, 138 seismic exploration, 127, 129 subsistence fishing, 22, 123, 129, 132, 134 waste discharges, 73 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 241 Flooding fish impeded by control structures, 128- 129 icejamming, 4 roads, vegetation impacts, 5, 78, 80, 81, 95 Floodplains gravel mining, 35, 74, 89, 90, 129 river corridor vegetation, 88-89 road excavation, 81 Food, human see also Subsistence cost of, 20 drinking water, 42, 70, 72, 240 food contamination, 1, 13, 151 Forest Resources Practices Act (Alaska) , 236 Foxes, 20, 30, 89, 119 Freshwater environments, 3-4, 26, 30, 73-74 see also Hydrology; Ice processes; Lakes and ponds; Rivers and streams climate warming, 58 fish habitat, 4, 10, 31, 123, 124-130 diadromous species, 4, 64, 123-125, 127129, 130, 236 ice processes, 124, 126, 129 lakes and ponds, 4, 10, 31, 10, 123- 127, 129, 130, 153 water withdrawals, 10, 98, 126-127, 129, 130, 153 oil spills, 223 water spills, 229 Funding, 13 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, 4, 22, 33, 133-134, 148, 156, 178 Alaska Permanent Fund, 144 committee study at hand, 1, 13 polar bears, impacts on, 106 restoration, 95, 96 seals, impacts on, 104, 106 social programs, 133- 134, 139- 140 tax base, 23, 49, 143, 144, 147, 148, 242 state royalties, 133, 143, 144 G Gas, natural, see Coalbed methane; Natural gas Gas hydrate, 62 Geographic information systems, 151 Geography see also Maps and mapping committee study domain, 14, 15, 155-156 extent of Alaska National Wildlife Refuge, 140 extent of Brooks Range Foothills Belt, 53 extent of Colville-Canning Province, 53 extent of North Slope, ix, 2, 3, 12-13, 24, 39 extent of North Slope Borough, 23 extent of outer continental shelf, 54 historical perspectives, 168 marine environments, 26 Geological Survey see U.S.
From page 281...
... mapping, 168-169 National Historic Preservation Act, 241 National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, 32, 33, 39, 44, 46, 172, 174, 177 oil and gas activities, overview, ix, 1, 5, 12, 20, 22-23, 32-50, 167-182, 208 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) , 168, 172, 178-179 oil spills, 48, 100, 134, 208-215, 225-227 production levels, ix, 1, 12 recreational fishing/hunting, 138 research, ix, 90-91 restoration of disturbed sites, 90-91 road impacts on vegetation, 77-78, 80-81 saline spills, 229-230 seismic exploration, 169, 173-174, 177-179 seismic trails, vegetation impacts, 81 social environment, 4, 19, 20-23, 132- 136 population growth/composition, 19, 20 subsistence activities, 20, 21-22, 135 technological innovation, ix, 46-47, 169, 174175 whaling, 20, 21-22, 99 Horizontal drilling, see Directional drilling Human environment, see Economic factors; Education; Employment; Social factors and impacts; Socioeconomic factors; Subsistence Human health, 139-140, 148, 149 air pollutants, 73, 144, 151, 153 281 drinking water, 42, 70, 72, 240 bear interactions, 103, 118 research recommendations, 9- 10, 149, 151152 subsistence food contamination, 1, 13, 151 transmission of disease, arctic foxes, 117 whaling, subsistence hunter safety, 100, 135, 136, 156 Hunting, 5, 138 see also Subsistence elevated pipelines, 68 recreational, 77, 118, 138, 139, 171 arctic foxes, 20 caribou, 108, 138 fishing, 138 grizzly beers, 118, 138 road access, 77, 118 seals and polar bears, 103, 104 whaling, commercial, 17, 18, 20, 21-22, 99, 100 Hydrology, see Flooding; Freshwater environments; Ice processes; Lakes and ponds; Rivers and streams l Ice processes, 3-4 see also Permafrost caribou foraging, 108 climate change, 5, 57, 58 climate warming, 56-57 coastal, 25 diadromous fish, 124 freshwater fish, 124, 126, 129 lakes and ponds, 24, 25, 26, 73-74 oil spills, 7, 9, 74, 130, 158, 218, 220-222, 223, 227 sea ice, 27, 30, 57, 59-60, 74, 105 seals and polar bears, 104 subsistence hunting, 103 traditional ice cellars, 56-57, 135 Ice roads and pads, 10, 35, 36-37, 44, 48, 56, 88, 89, 96, 97, 127, 153 Ice-wedge polygons, 24, 25, 58, 65-67, 79 Infrastructure, general, 5, 9, 32-50 (passim)
From page 282...
... , 74, 88, 96, 104-105, 188, 240, 241 Lesser snow geese, 122 Lichens, 77, 88, 96, 97, 108 Light Automated Drilling Systems, 187 Litigation oil spills, 225, 237 restoration requirements, 93, 94 Long Term Ecological Research program, 151 Loons, 4, 119- 120 Mammals, 30 see also Caribou; Grizzly bears; Polar bears; Marine mammals arctic foxes, 20, 30, 89, 119 muskoxen, 4, 48, 117 Maps and mapping Aeromap analysis and aerial photography, 44, 46, 190-207 exploration activities, historical, 169 road impacts, 80, 81, 110 seismic exploration, 81-82, 85 Arctic coast, 168 caribou ranges, 107, 113 coal and coalbed methane, 61 field and units, 39 historical perspectives, 168-169 North Slope region, 3, 12 oil production activities and facilities, 6-7, 3334,36,37,39, 113 Marine environments and organisms, 4, 26-27, 72-75 see also Coastal zones; Fish and fisheries; Marine mammals algae, 30, 31, 130-132 benthic invertebrates, 4, 30, 31, 73, 129, 130131, 153 climate warming, 57-58 injection wells, 72-73 kelp, 4, 31, 130 phytoplankton, 4, 30-31, 57, 130 spills, 74 zooplankton, 4, 31, 57, 130, 131 Marine Mammal Protection Act, 103, 104, 241 Marine mammals, general, 4, 9, 99-106 see also Bowhead whales; Polar bears; Seals; Whales climate warming, 105, 106 Marine Mammal Protection Act, 103, 104, 241 noise, 13, 48, 99, 103, 104 research recommendations, 10, 98, 103, 106, 153 subsistence hunting, other than whales, 20, 22, 103 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act, 241 Measurement-while-drilling, 186- 187 Metals, reserves, 62-63 Methodology, see Research methods; Technological innovation Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 241 Migratory species, 1, 13 see also Bowhead whales; Caribou; Marine mammals; Seals; Waterfowl; Whales birds, general, 118-119, 241; see also Waterfowl; specific species under Birds construction of infrastructure, 49 fish, 4, 13, 64, 123-125, 127-129 diadromous, 4, 64, 123-125, 127-129, 130, 236 freshwater use and redistribution, 48 population dynamics, 98-99 Mineral resources, not hydrocarbons see also Coal; Natural gas Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 56 Arctic Slope Regional Corporation (ASRC) , 143-144, 147-148 caribou, impacts on, 115 coalbed methane, 61, 62 gas hydrate, 62 metals, 62-63, 115 offshore, 60, 63 oil reserve claims under laws governing other minerals, 167 Minerals Management Service, 54, 91, 92, 177 oil spill estimates, 220 restoration of sites and, 91, 92, 95 Moose, subsistence hunting, 22 Mosses, 65, 77, 78, 88, 95, 220 Multilateral drilling, 186 Muskoxen, 4, 48, 117 N National Environmental Policy Act, 2, 13-14, 33, 240 see also Environmental impact statements social impacts, 132, 134 National Historic Preservation Act, 241 National Marine Fisheries Service, 240 whales, 17 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 240 National Marine Fisheries Service, 17, 240 Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, 13 National Ocean Pollution Planning Act, 240 National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska base metals, 62 caribou, 106, 109, 116 freshwater fish, 127 historical perspectives, 32, 33, 39, 44, 46, 172, 174, 177
From page 283...
... vegetation impacts, 5, 77-78, 84, 86, 139 wilderness, 139 Offshore activities, 8, 51, 54, 156, 167, 174, 175, 176, 177, 185 see also Causeways; Coastal zones; Ice processes; Marine environments and organisms; Ships, including tankers; specific bodies of water fish, 123, 124, 125, 128, 129 islands, artificial, 27, 40,44, 45, 60,74, 93, 156 Aeromap analysis, 194, 198, 201, 203, 205, 207 oil spills, 208 minerals other than hydrocarbons, 60, 63 National Pollution Discharge Elimination System, 74-75, 239 noise, 5, 13, 48, 99, 103, 104, 153 seismic disturbance, 5-6, 10, 13, 48, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 135, 136, 144-145, 156, 183 oil spills, 9, 105, 152, 156, 158, 208, 212, 215, 218-223, 226 ships, 58, 100-101, 134, 203, 208, 235 wind and wave action, 212, 215, 223, 226 Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) , federal 404 program, 91 historical perspectives, 175-177 projected activities, 54 pipelines, 68, 180, 208-209, 212 platforms, 47, 49, 51, 92, 94, 95, 100, 177, 185 rehabilitation of damage, 90 sea ice, 27, 30, 57, 59-60, 74, 105 seeps, environmental impacts, 73, 77, 119 historical perspectives, 32, 167-168 social impacts, 134-135, 139-140, 148, 156, 158; see also "whaling, subsistence" below vegetation impacts, 77, 90, 91, 93, 95 whales, 17, 99 see also "noise" above oil spills, 9, 10, 100-103, 105, 152 whaling, commercial, 17, 18, 20, 21-22, 99, 100 whaling, subsistence, 17-18, 21, 22, 99, 135136, 137, 144-145, 148, 153, 156, 157 hunter safety, 100, 135, 136, 156 wind and wave action, 27 oil spills, 212, 215, 223, 226 Oil Pollution Act, 214, 226 Oil shale, 168 Oil spill remediation, 7, 74, 100, 152, 216-220, 222, 223 benthic communities, 130 bioremediation, 77, 217, 219, 223 bowhead whales, 103 burning, 13, 77, 92, 218-219 chemical dispersants, 130, 219, 220, 222, 223, 226 coastal zones, 134-135, 156, 223, 238-239 cost of, 76 historical perspectives, 48, 100, 134, 208-215, 225-227 ice factors, 7, 9, 74, 130, 158, 218, 220-222, 223, 227 mechanical, 74, 217, 218, 219, 222 pumping, 219 remote sensing, 47, 184, 189, 219 social impacts, 134 thermal remediation, 77, 218-219, 222, 223; see "burning" and "ice factors" above Oil spills, 6-7, 9, 47-48, 69, 73, 74, 96, 152, 158, 208-227 see also Oil spill remediation; Spills, other than oil benthic communities, 130 Beaufort Sea, 180, 220-224, 225, 226 bowhead whales, 10, 100- 103 Exxon Valdez, 100, 134 ice processes, 7, 9, 74, 130, 158, 218, 220222, 223, 227 litigation, 225, 237 offshore activities, 9, 105, 152, 156, 158, 208, 212, 215, 218-223, 226 ships, 58, 100-101, 134, 203, 208, 235 pipeline, 6-7, 47-48, 76, 158, 189, 208-220, 223-224, 225-226 plankton, 130 polar bears and seals, 103- 104, 105, 106 prevention, technological innovation, 214, 215-216, 217, 225-227 regulatory/statutory measures, 74, 213, 214, 215, 238, 215, 216, 218, 225-227, 237-239 remote sensing, 47, 184, 189, 219 research methods/recommendations, 152, 210, 214, 220 seasonal factors, 217-218, 221-223; see also "ice processes" above social impacts, 96, 134-135, 158 storage facilities, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216, 226, 238 technological innovation, 216-220, 225-227; see various techniques above tundra, 77, 213-214, 217-220 (passim)
From page 284...
... , 60, 181 oil/gas development activities, ix, 51-63, 180182 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) , 51, 52, 54, 56, 145-146, 181 cost factors, 182 infrastructure, 56, 155 market price for oil, 51, 52, 134, 144, 145, 181, 242-245 regulatory activities, 51, 155 roads, 56, 57 spills, 220 other mineral resources, 60-63 seal and polar bear populations, 104-105 uncertainty, 10, 153-154, 182 Prudhoe Bay, 5 see also Beaufort Sea arctic foxes, 117 caribou, 6, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116 fish, 124, 128-129, 130 fluid withdrawal, 69 geomorphology, 24, 25 injection of wastes, 71 historical perspectives, 12, 32, 35, 155, 168, 173, 174, 175, 177, 182, 213, 223, 225, 227 loons, 120 oil spills, 213, 223, 225, 227 permafrost, 24, 25, 59-60, 69 pingos, 89 research recommendations, 9, 151 restoration requirements, 92-93, 94 road network, 43-44, 77, 78, 79 saline spills, 230 social environment, 133, 134, 156 technological innovations, 54, 188 vegetation, air quality, 88, 96 road disturbance, 77, 78 R Raptors, 30, 119, 122-123 Reclamation, see Rehabilitation and restoration Recreational resources, 5, 138 see also Hunting; Visual resources; Wilderness and wildlands feeding wildlife, 6 fishing, 138 economic value, 141-143, 145 road access, 77, 118 Regulatory issues, see Legislation and regulation Rehabilitation and restoration, 7-8, 9, 13, 150 see also Oil spill remediation Bureau of Land Management, 91, 92, 95 compensatory mitigation, 92 contaminated sites, 94-95 costs, 9, 93, 94-95, 96, 150 defined, 90 gravel-covered areas, 90-95, 158, 195 fish habitat, 126, 129 historical perspectives, 90-91 litigation, 93, 94 Minerals Management Service, 91, 92, 95 muskoxen, 117 National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, 91, 92 production levels and, 95 regulatory measures, 8, 91-93, 95, 96, 158 wetlands, 91-92, 238, 239 research methods, 90-91, 150, 151 roads, 92 tundra, 90, 95 unrestored sites, 7-8, 49, 59, 94-95, 148, 158
From page 285...
... , 95, 96-97 projections, 56, 57 restoration requirements, 92 roadless construction, 185, 188- 189; see also Off-road travel seismic trail networks, 5, 7, 10, 44, 48, 81-88, 96, 153 coastal zones, 82, 157 historical perspectives, 81 social impacts, 137-139 isolation, 4, 5, 13, 20, 23, 24, 132, 135, 137-138 285 vegetation impacts, 64, 77-88, 89, 95, 96, 97 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) , 82, 86, 96, 139 flooding, vegetation impacts, 5, 78, 80, 81, 95 historical perspectives, 77-78, 80-81 waste disposal on, 42 S Safe Drinking Water Act, 72, 240 Saline spills, 47, 48, 76-77, 228-231 Salinity, 27, 59-60, 231 groundwater, waste injection effects, 72 lakes, 73 Satellite remote sensing, 47, 184, 189, 219 Scenic areas, see Visual resources Sea ice, 27, 30, 57, 59-60, 74, 105 Seals,4,31,103-106 subsistence hunting, 22 Seasonal factors, ix, 2, 7, 24 see also Climate; Migratory species; Ice processes; Snowfall/cover; Temperature factors; Wildlife reproductive behavior caribou calving, 6, 98, 153 summer insect harassment, 6, 107, 111, 115, 116, 117 bowhead whales, 99-100, 156 climate warming, 56, 57, 58 insects, summer harassment, 6, 107, 111 lakes and ponds, 26, 73-74 marine environment, 27, 30, 75, 77 off-road closures, 85-86 oil spills, 217-218, 221-223 ice processes, 7, 9, 74, 130, 158, 218, 220222, 223, 227 permafrost, 64-69 polar beers, 105 rivers and streams, 4, 26 saline spills, 231 sea ice, 27, 57, 100 seismic exploration, 100 subsistence activities, 21, 22, 103 transportation, 19, 77, 80 tundra, 4, 7, 19, 76, 77-78, 80, 84, 85, 95, 217, 218 vegetation, 5, 27-28, 58, 77-78, 84-86 water chemistry, 73 Seawater, see Saline spills; Salinity Seeps environmental impacts, 73, 77, 119 historical perspectives, 32, 167-168 Seismic activity, see Earthquakes Seismic exploration, 7, 42, 44, 46-47, 48 Aeromap analysis, 81-82, 85, 110, 190-206 (passim)
From page 286...
... , 172 Statistical analyses see also Projections oil spills, 210, 214, 220 uncertainty, 10, 153-154, 182 whale tracking, 17 Storage facilities, 47 regulatory controls, 237, 238 oil spills, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216, 226, 238 saline spills, 228 Streams, see Rivers and streams Subsidence, 38 permafrost thaws, 65, 70, 72 Subsistence, 1, 4-5, 13, 20-22, 132, 134, 139, 141, 142, 144-145 birds, 22 caribou, 20, 22, 106, 108, 135-136, 138, 144, 148 cash economy, transition to, 49, 132, 146, 147, 158-159 coastal areas, 20-22, 135-136, 148, 156 fishing, 22, 123, 129, 132, 134 food contamination, 1, 13, 151 historical perspectives, 20, 21-22, 135 ice factors, 103 inland areas, 21, 22 marine mammals, other than whales, 20, 22, 103 seasonal factors, 21, 22, 103 trapping, 20, 22 whaling, 17-18, 21, 22, 99, 135-136, 137, 144-145, 148, 156, 157 hunter safety, 100, 135, 136, 156 T Tankers, see Ships, including tankers Tanks, see Storage facilities Taxation, 23, 49, 143, 144, 147, 148, 242 infrastructure, 147-148 natural gas, 147 state royalties, 133, 143, 144 Technological innovation, 152, 183-189 see also Research methods; Seismic exploration acoustics, whales, 17 Aeromap analysis, 44, 46, 190-196 Arctic Drilling Platform, 185 coal and natural gas production, 12 coal transport, 60 drilling, 185- 187 directional drilling, 68-69, 186 historical perspectives, ix, 46-47, 169, 174175 ice roads and pads, 96, 184- 185 oil spill prevention, 214, 215-216, 217, 225227 oil spill remediation, 216-220, 225-227 pipelines, 47, 54, 189 production, enhanced oil recovery, 47, 187188 projections of future oil/gas activities, 51, 54 remote sensing, 47, 184, 189, 219 restoration of disturbed areas, 93, 96 road construction, 81, 86, 96, 184- 185, 188189 Rolligons, 185 seismic exploration, 81, 86, 87, 183- 184 waste disposal, 188 Temperature factors, 2, 24, 7 see also Climate; Ice processes; Permafrost; Seasonal factors heated buildings, 65, 68 marine environment, 27 oil spills, 77, 218-219, 222, 223 rehabilitation of disturbed sites, 90 social/economic effects, 19 transportation, 19, 77, 80 vegetation, 28-29 snow cover, 82, 84-86, 90, 97 Terminal facilities, 40, 208, 238 see also Storage facilities Terrestrial environment, 4, 5, 24-31, 24-25, 58 see also Coastal zones; Floodplains; Permafrost; Tundra; Wildlife; Wildlife habitat Thermokarst, 3, 7, 25, 65 roads, 5, 68, 77-81 (passim) , 95, 96-97 Threatened species, see Endangered and threatened species Tourism, see Recreational resources Toxic Substances Control Act, 240 Trans-Alaskan Pipeline Authorization Act, 134 Trans-Alaska Pipeline, 3, 13, 38, 40, caribou, 106, 111 costs, 134 Environmental impact statements (EISs)
From page 287...
... , 224, 230-231 nonacidic tundra, 88, 96, 97 wildlife habitat, 25, 89, 96, 97, 123 herbivores, 4, 30, 31, 58, 88, 123; see also Caribou; other specific species Visual resources, 5, 8, 49, 137-141, 148, 157 air pollutants, 73 economic value, 141-143, 145 off-road vehicles 139 pipelines, elevated, 68 roads, elevated, 68 seismic exploration, 139 unrestored landscapes, 7-8, 49 W Waste production and disposal, 41-42, 49 bowhead whales, 100 coastal zones, 74 drilling, 37-38, 40, 41-42, 70-71, 74, 78, 188 see also Injection wells bowhead whales, 100 rehabilitation, 94 fish habitat, 73 gravel reserve pits, 28, 42, 76, 94, 188 injection, 41, 42, 47, 69, 70-73, 77, 131, 188, 240 permafrost, 71, 72, 188 regulatory measures, 41, 42, 70, 71, 72, 74, 91-92, 128, 188, 230-231, 237, 239, 240 restoration of sites, 93, 94 on roads, 42 technological innovation, 188 Water consumption, 48, 153 see also Water withdrawals drilling, 40, 47 ice roads, 36, 48, 127, 153 Waterfowl, 3, 4, 31, 98, 122 Water injection, see Injection wells Water quality, 73-74, 150 see also Aquatic ecosystems; Fish and fisheries; Freshwater environments; Marine environments and organisms; Spills, other than oil Clean Water Act, 73, 91-92, 150, 239, 240 drinking water, 42, 70, 72, 240 ice roads and pads, 73 legislation and regulation, 150, 237, 239-240 saline spills, 47, 48, 76-77, 228-231 salinity, 27, 59-60, 72, 73, 231 seeps, environmental impacts, 73, 77, 119 historical perspectives, 32, 167-168 waste injection, 41, 42, 72-73 water treatment, 41 Water withdrawals, 9, 10, 69-70, 73, 153 coastal zones, 10, 48, 49 freshwater fish habitat, 10, 98, 126-127, 129, 130, 153 lakes and ponds, 10, 98, 126-127, 129, 130, 153 rivers, 10, 98 seawater, 48 wildlife habitat, 10, 98 Wave action, 4, 26 coastal zones, 4, 26 oil spills, 212, 215, 223, 226 Wells, see Drilling and well operations Wetlands, 3, 4, 74 see also Lakes and ponds coastal, 3, 4, 19, 91-92, 238, 239 regulatory controls, restoration, 91-92, 238, 239 waste injection, 72 Whales, 1,4,5-6, 17-18,31 see also Bowhead whales beluga, 4, 57, 99, 105 commercial whaling, 17, 18, 20, 21-22, 99, 100 historical perspectives, 20, 21-22, 99 oil spills, 9, 10, 100-103, 105, 152 research recommendations, 10 seismic disturbance, 5-6, 10, 13, 100, 102, 103, 135, 136, 144-145, 156 subsistence whaling, 17-18, 21, 22, 99, 135136, 137, 144-145, 148, 156, 157 hunter safety, 100, 135, 136, 156 Wilderness Act, 140-141
From page 288...
... , 127, 235, 236-237 INDEX Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, 136, 156 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 56 Endangered Species Act, 121, 154, 240 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 241 Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 241 marine mammals, 103, 104, 136, 241 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)


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