Airport Research Needs Cooperative Solutions -- Special Report 272 (2003) / Chapter Skim
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2 Airport Research Needs
2 Airport Research Needs
Pages 33-54
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From page 33... ...
In particular, federal requirements present the nation's airports with many complex challenges. Examples are the need to find environmentally acceptable -- but still safe, economical, and fast -- aircraft deicing methods and the need to design airport terminals that both expedite passenger traffic and enhance security.
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From page 34... ...
RESEARCH SUITED TO A COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Not all airport research needs are best addressed through cooperative means. For instance, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's)
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From page 35... ...
As they do so, they are being presented with many similar problems, such as how to minimize crowding near security lines, strengthen perimeter protections around airfields, and retrofit terminal facilities to accommodate new passenger screening and explosive detection systems. As another example, many operators find themselves faced with similar challenges in attempting to meet federal environmental requirements.
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From page 36... ...
and needs identified by technical committees of the Airports Council International and the National Association of State Aviation Officials.
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From page 37... ...
Aircraft operations are managed by airline and air traffic control procedures that are outside the purview of airport operators. However, airport operations are affected by these procedures, and airport operators need to understand how they are affected in order to make the necessary adjustments in infrastructure and equipment.
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From page 38... ...
Virtually any element of the airport enterprise can affect airport operations and safety. For example, environmental rules governing the runoff and disposal of aircraft deicing materials, which are designed to safeguard bodies of water near airports, have significant impacts on aircraft deicing operations.
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From page 39... ...
In most cases, the airport grant recipient must comply with the specific design standards set forth in a series of FAA advisory circulars. The topics covered by many of these circulars are given in Table 2-1.
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From page 40... ...
Notes for Aid x x x x x x Required Federal FAA by x x x x Maintenance Satisfying and Approved as Regulatory Requirement FAA Required by Regulation Construction, Last 31/1991 Design, Date Revised 1/15/2002 9/30/1999 5/1/1997 8/26/2000 5/ 7/13/1995 7/30/1987 4/6/1995 13/1994/4 12/23/1996 6/21/2002 11/27/1984 7/11/1986 1/28/1985 Used Planning, near Airports and Personnel Services and Near Equipment or Landfills Rescue Airport Vehicles and Airport of on of Station and of Airports for on Facilities Operations Personnel Aircraft System Facilities and of Training Lighting Facilities, Plan Attractants Firefighting Vision Medical and Establishment Rescue Rescue Safety and Operations Circulars or Plans, Training Agents Wildlife and Personnel Interactive and Clothing for Design for Marking, Winter Emergency Enhanced Vehicle Fire Airports Topic Rescue Fire Rescue Emergency Airport Advisory an Title Airport Airport Hazardous Construction Public Water Airport Protective Airport Building Programs Firefighting Systems Driver's Ground Airport Painting, on Aircraft Extinguishing FAA 18 2-1 5210 Table Advisory Circular Number 150/5200-30A 150/5200-31A 150/5200-33 150/5200-34 150/5210-13A 150/5210-14A 150/5210-15 150/5210-17 150/ 150/5210-19 150/5210-20 150/5210-2A 150/5210-5B 150/5210-6C
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From page 41... ...
page) next on (continued x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 2002 1991 2000 28/ 27/ 17/ 7/1/1999 2/ 3/ 11/24/1998 10/15/1992 12/7/1993 3/1/1994 3/ 10/6/2000 7/29/1992 9/30/2000 8/31/2000 9/9/1993 5/1/1985 Airport and of Board for and Materials to Aircraft Aircraft Fire Communications Rescue and Used Impairments Systems Agent Equipment Engineering Projects Sensor Projects Maintenance Aircraft Vehicles Aircraft Facilities for Water/Foam Vehicles Small Devices Mobility for Preconstruction Grant an Equipment Firefighting for Facility and Control Arresting Grant for for for with and and Condition Ice Deicing Fighting Airport cation Guide Airport Firefighting Storage Control and Systems Training Fire cation Engineering for Materials of for Ice Prebid, Aircraft Rescue and Surface Standards and Overruns Protection of Specifi and Specification Snow Specifi Passengers Supply Design Value of Design Aircraft Guide Rescue Runway Specification Design Firefighting Buildings Snow Guide Rescue Airport Guide Airline Engineered Aircraft Water Rescue Airport Design Use and Predesign, Conferences 150/5210-7C 150/5220-10C 150/5220-13B 150/5220-17A 150/5220-18 150/5220-19 150/5220-20 150/5220-21B 150/5220-22 150/5220-4B 150/5300-13 150/5300-14 150/5300-15 150/5300-9A
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From page 42... ...
must mark standards Notes Airports follow ing for Aid x x x x x Required Federal Maintenance and FAA by x x Satisfying Approved as Regulatory Requirement Construction, x FAA Design, Required by Regulation Last 1997 1970 1990 Planning, Date Revised 3/18/ 1/31/1978 4/22/1997 10/22/1995 7/1/1970 1/30/1996 1/29/1990 3/6/1987 6/19/ 1/6/1986 11/13/1991 12/1/2000 3/25/1971 5/11/ Airport for Design 777 Purposes Aids Surfaces Maintenance Waste Airport Airport Boeing Control Evaluation for Visual and Circulars the Aids Airport Pavement for and Systems Noise Industrial Reporting of for Sign Markings Lighting Lighting Non-FAA Cones Airport Design Design Advisory Airport Construction, Requirements for of Method Airport Airport Wind FAA Strength Approach for for Length Power Systems ) Resistant Landscaping Pavement Drainage Pavement Miscellaneous Topic Skid Title Measurement, of Airport Management Airport Airport Airport Runway Standardized Pavement Economy Standby Lighting Standards Standards Airport Supplemental continued( 2-1 Table Advisory Circular Number 150/5320-12C 150/5320-14 150/5320-15 150/5320-16 150/5320-5B 150/5320-6D 150/5325-4A 150/5335-5 150/5340-14B 150/5340-17B 150/5340-18C 150/5340-1H 150/5340-21 150/5340-23B
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From page 43... ...
page) next on (continued x x x x x x x x x x x 2000 1985 1980 9/ 9/3/1975 8/26/1982 3/4/1986 9/1/1998 12/30/1999 5/6/1975 12/21/1984 10/16/1984 1/9/1984 8/8/1986 4/17/ 7/19/ 11/1/1991 12/ 9/1/1998 10/29/1991 Circuits of Cabinet Systems Taxiway Short System Beacon Transformer Facilities Lighting System PAPI and Control Systems Hold Relay Receptacle, Aid Airport Centerline for Lighting of Bases, and Heliport Accessories Airport and Assemblies Systems Marker Current of Runway Markers Visual and Indicator Auxiliary Plug and Edge Lighting Land Runway Cone Panels Light Control for for Path Lighting Airport L-853, Airport Constant Airport L-841 Control L-823 Wind L-821 Boxes Airport Taxiway of Radio Taxiway for for for for for for Details Details Zone Pilot for Circle cation Monitors for Approach Retroreflective and Systems Systems Junction cation cation Connectors cation Lighting Visibility Specifi Runway Maintenance Air-to-Ground Lighting Low Installation Lighting Installation Touchdown Segmented Specification Regulator Specifi Specification Assembly Specifi Cable Specifi Precision FAA Centerline Specification Airport Specification Houses, 150/5340-24 150/5340-26 150/5340-27A 150/5340-28 150/5340-29 150/5340-4C 150/5340-5B 150/5345-10E 150/5345-12C 150/5345-13A 150/5345-26C 150/5345-27C 150/5345-28D 150/5345-39B 150/5345-3E 150/5345-42C
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From page 44... ...
for refers recom- industry and Notes Circular to mends publication "Guidelines for Aid x x x x x Required Federal Maintenance and FAA by Satisfying Approved as Regulatory Requirement Construction, FAA Design, Required by Regulation Last Planning, 23/1994 Date Revised 10/19/1995 8/ 12/9/1987 9/1/1998 12/9/1987 8/8/1986 10/16/1978 14/1981/8 15/2002 29/2001 6/21/1988 9/ 6/29/2001 8/2/2001 8/ Airport Systems Unit for Signs Equipment Program Equipment Electrical ghting Equipment Lights Control Li cation Flasher Systems Runway Taxiway and Circulars Lighting Structure Control Certifi and and Airport Runway Indicators Circuits Light for Power Lighting Underground Radio Short Graphics Obstruction Taxiway Runway Portable Advisory Discharge-Type Equipment L-884 L-824 Lighting Glideslope and for for for L-854, for Approach for for Hold for FAA Transformers Airport Visual and ) cation cation cation Lighting Topic Fixtures for Signing Land Title Specifi Specifi Lightweight Specifi Light Isolation Specification Specification Specification Generic Airport Specification for Specification Cable Airport continued( 2-1 Table Advisory Circular Number 150/5345-43E 150/5345-44F 150/5345-45A 150/5345-46B 150/5345-47A 150/5345-49A 150/5345-50 150/5345-51 150/5345-52 150/5345-53B 150/5345-54A 150/5345-7E 150/5360-12C
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From page 45... ...
by ATA, R&D with Signing Graphics," AAAE, ACC Force compli assist Consultants Airport and developed ACI, and Task Recommended to ADA ance Airport= x ACC Association; x Transport Air= ATA Executives; Airport 22/1988 of 4/ 6/30/1999 1/30/2001 6/4/1976 9/6/1985 8/27/1990 5/30/2002 7/5/1996 12/3/1982 9/28/1988 Association Airports the Disabilities of in Construction Airport Airport with for Devices for Pavements American= During Maintenance for Construction AAAE Airport System Act. Airports Guidelines Individuals Testing Airports Pavements of by Construction on Civil of at Procedures Design Specifying Asphalt Airport Disabilities International; Airports for of Safety and Management and Facilities Pavements with to Nondestructive Control Construction Projects Hot-Mix Hazards of Council Airport Planning Terminal Access Standards Use Evaluation Quality Grant Offpeak Using Operational Debris Guidelines of Pavement Airports= Americans= ADA ACI 150/5360-13 150/5360-14 150/5370-10A 150/5370-11 150/5370-12 150/5370-13 150/5370-2D 150/5380-5B 150/5380-6 150/5380-7 NOTE: Council;
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From page 46... ...
In addition, FAA occasionally relies on the technical work of industry, as exemplified by its recommended use of the Uniform Airport Signing and Graphics System for the content and placement of signs inside terminal buildings. This system was developed by a joint research task force of the Airports Council International, the American Association of Airport Executives, the Air Transport Association, and the Airport Consultants Council.
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From page 47... ...
However, as the airport environment has grown in complexity and airport managers face budgetary constraints and closer public scrutiny, research in support of sound management practices has become increasingly important. Examples have already been given of research needs to better manage airport maintenance.
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From page 48... ...
As a practical matter, it is more difficult for the agency to justify significant expenditures on research aimed at improving airport planning capabilities than to justify expenditures on research promising tangible new products and technologies, such as improved runway markings or fireextinguishing agents. Airport planning, especially the longer-range planning needed for major capital projects, involves a great deal of uncertainty.
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From page 49... ...
Operators must plan ways to curtail and manage not only noise, but also air pollutant emissions, groundwater and soil contamination, wetlands degradation, and habitat loss. Credible ways to measure these environmental effects and technical information on mitigations pertinent to airport settings are essential for conducting environmental impact assessments in conformance with federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations.
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From page 50... ...
. Box 2-1 Air Toxics Emissions, Measurement, and Risk Evaluation: A Growing Airport Research Need Air pollutant emissions from jet aircraft engines include substances known as toxic air contaminants or hazardous air pollutants.
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From page 51... ...
· The behavior of emissions from jet aircraft engines is poorly understood for several reasons, which complicates analysis of air toxics dispersion and estimates of atmospheric concentrations of the toxics. Aircraft are mobile sources of emissions, which makes their emissions generally more difficult to analyze than emissions from a stationary source such as a smokestack.
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From page 52... ...
To the extent that operators of individual airports are obliged to address such issues as air toxics and associated health risks on a case-by-case basis, there is the potential for inconsistent analyses and conclusions. In turn, the difficulty of establishing scientifically reliable and legally defensible methods to evaluate the problem may increase.
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From page 53... ...
In designing passenger facilities, airports must now factor in the added space and layout requirements of passenger screening and EDS, the introduction of more "meeter/greeter" halls outside sterile areas, blast-containing structures for housing explosive detectors, the availability of secure passenger evacuation areas, and the design of spaces that reduce vulnerable passenger crowding and provide broad fields of vision for surveillance. Not only must security be considered in all aspects of the design of passenger terminals, it must also be factored into plans for such services and facilities as air cargo terminals, fuel depots and on-airport storage and distribution systems, parking garages, and utilities.
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From page 54... ...
For instance, in planning new facilities, operators need information and guidance on designs that can simultaneously expedite passenger movements and facilitate security screening and processing -- and they often need to be able to achieve these goals under tight budgetary constraints. By having a research capability that can focus on problems from this implementation perspective, airport operators stand a better chance of meeting the varied demands and expectations placed on them -- a desirable outcome for operators, government agencies at all levels, and airport users.
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