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Working Families and Growing Kids Caring for Children and Adolescents (2003) / Chapter Skim
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From page 335...
... Index A cognitive development, 179 community-based care, 17, 187, 188 Academic achievement costs of care, family expenditures, see also Educational attainment 189-190 adolescents, 80, 180-181, 188, 189, 190, defined, 178 192-195, 197-198, 220, 224, delinquency, 80, 82, 117, 118, 180 225, 226, 266 depression, 181, 184 after-school programs, 128, 129-130 developmental factors, 16, 17, 65, aspirations, 68, 76, 180 79-82, 98, 178-181, 197 child care homes, 122 employment of adolescents, 81, 180, early childhood education, 176 187, 190-198 family income, 68, 74 family functioning, 16, 17, 65, 79-82, maternal employment, 68, 88, 92, 127 98, 178, 180, 185, 187, 195-197 paternal involvement, 91 funding of programs for, 131, 188, 246, self-care, 127, 266 273 welfare reform, 215, 220, 224, 225, 226 gender factors, 191, 198, 225 Adolescents health status, 17, 180, 181, 184, 192, see also After-school programs 193, 217 academic achievement, 80, 180-181, 188, income, family, 195 189, 190, 192-195, 197-198, 220, maternal employment, 4, 79-82 224, 225, 226, 266 mothers, adolescent, 219-220, 222, 223 after-school programs, 7, 18, 128, 129- National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 130, 131, 132, 187, 189-190, (NLSY) , 82, 83, 87, 122, 125, 247, 272-273 186, 190-191, 235, 237 alcohol/substance abuse, 180, 192 outcome assessments, 79-82, 188-189, behavioral development, 80, 180, 181, 192-198, 263-264 184-185, 187, 188-189 parental employment, 65, 178-198 child care by, 81, 183-184 parenting of, 79-82, 98, 179, 181-198, child care for, 1, 4, 7, 263-264 266 335
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From page 336...
... , 199-200, 203, 220, 221, 278 261 self-care, 48, 49-50, 88, 126-128, 135, see also Temporary Assistance for Needy 181-186, 266 Families sexual activity, 179-180, 181 child care development block grant, 248, social development, 17, 178-179, 180, 265 185, 189, 190, 192-193, 266 marital status, impacts on, 216 structured voluntary activities, 132-133, research methodology, 201-202, 216, 135, 187, 188 220, 221 substance abuse, 180, 192 single mothers, employment, 204, 206 welfare reform, 79-82, 219-220, 222, Alcohol abuse, 192 223-226 American Indians, 243, 245 AFDC, see Aid to Families with Dependent American Public Health Association, Children 114-115 African Americans, see Black persons APECP, see Assessment Profile for Early The After-School Corporation programs, Childhood Programs 130-131, 247 Armed forces, see Military personnel, After-school programs, 2, 7, 18, 81, children of 125-126, 128-132, 135, 180, Arnett Scale, 101 186-190, 246-247, 263 Asians, 243, 245 academic achievement and, 128, Assessment Profile for Early Childhood 129-130 Programs (APECP) , 147 behavioral development, 129-130, 131, Attachment Q-Set, 141 187 Attitudes and motivation cost factors, 189-190, 247, 273 academic aspirations, 68, 76, 180 disabled persons, 128 caregiver satisfaction, 141, 145 faith-based, 7, 273 toward child care, 11 language development, 129 childrearing attitudes, 86-87, 92, 137 maternal parenting, 76, 77 employment aspirations, 69, 76, 193 process quality measures, 106, 130 father's parenting role, 90 research recommendations, 11, 189-190 gender role attitudes, 68 rural areas, 128, 246 maternal employment impacts, 68, 69, structured voluntary activities, 132-133, 76, 87, 221 135, 187, 188 toward self-care, 126, 127 21st Century Community Learning welfare reform, 221 Centers (CCLC)
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From page 337...
... , 95 162-163, 166-167, 170-171 self-care, 126-127, 183, 184-185 mentors, 187, 188 sexual activity, 179-180, 181 neighbors and friends, 42 substance abuse, 180, 192 process measures, 10, 101, 109-115 time spent in care, 124 qualifications, 6-7, 59, 101, 114-115, Big Brothers Big Sisters, 187, 188 136-145, 150-151, 256 Black persons quality of, general, 4, 10, 12, 17, adolescent employment, 191 108-110, 114-115, 130, 137-151 after-school programs, 129 ratio of caregivers to children, 10, 56, child care arrangements, 43, 48 57, 58, 109, 115, 117, 121, 130, child care expenditures, 51, 53 136-150 (passim) , 162-171, 256 Head Start, 243 supply of, 54-56 infant development, 83 structural caregiver characteristics, maternal psychological well-being, 92 general, 108-110, 114-115, 130, parental discipline, 86-87 133 self-care, 126 table of research findings, 136-149 single mothers, 86-87, 206, 215 wages, 110, 144-145, 164 Title I preschool program, 245 Carolina Abecedarian Project, 117-118 Block grants, CCDF, see Child Care Development Fund child care development, 247-252, 265, CC-HOME Scale, 107, 121, 150-151 272 CCLC, see 21st Century Community Social Services Block Grant, 253 Learning Centers vouchers, 7, 9, 248-249, 265, 268, Census data 271-272 see also Current Population Survey welfare reform, 200, 250-254, 265, 272 Study of Early Child Care vs, 100 Census of Services, 55 Center-based intervention programs, C 116-122 see also Early Head Start; Head Start CACFP, see Child and Adult Care Food process quality measures, 105-149 Program (passim)
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From page 338...
... , 99, 103 Cognitive development, 16 immigrants, 44, 45, 48, 129 see also Academic achievement; income and, 2, 5, 47, 48-50, 53, 63, Language development 100, 107 adolescents, 179 international policy comparisons, caregiver characteristics, 108-109, 258-259 114-115 military personnel, children of, 256 child care, general, 1-2, 99, 102 parental time spent, 23-24, 31, 32-36 early child care, 99, 100-101, 105, racial/ethnic factors, 43-45, 48 108-122 (passim) regional factors, 44, 46, 48 Early Head Start, 120 supply, 54-56 family functioning and management, 76, tax credits, 238-239, 240 78 vouchers, 7, 9, 248-249, 265, 268, maternal employment, 1-2, 73, 76, 78, 271-272 83, 87, 125, 217 Child care centers, 42, 44, 45-46, 48-49, 77 process quality measures, 106, 108-109, see also Family day care centers 111-112, 113, 125 after-school programs, 128 self-care, 127 caregiver/children ratios, 10, 56, 57, 58, tabulated research results, 150-151 109, 115, 117, 121, 130, welfare reform, 216, 217, 219, 222, 279 136-150 (passim)
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From page 339...
... , 238 Study Depression Cultural factors adolescents, 181, 184 see also Attitudes and motivation; children, 128, 133 International perspectives; Race/ maternal, 78-79, 84, 88, 91-93, ethnicity 102-103, 113, 133, 214, child care, low-income families, 77 219-220, 224 committee study methodology, 2, 13, 14 paternal, 102-103 faith-based after-school programs, 7, Developmental factors, 16, 99-177, 260, 273 263-264 welfare-to-work, 69, 221, 224, 225 see also Age factors; Attitudes and Current Population Survey (CPS) motivation; Behavioral adolescent employment, 191, 192 development; Cognitive adolescent mothers, child abuse, 222 development; Educational nonstandard work schedules, 36, 37, 39 attainment; Social development adolescents, 16, 17, 65, 79-82, 98, 178-198, 264, 266 D after-school programs, 128-132 caregiver characteristics and outcomes, David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 2 108-110, 114-115 DCAP, see Dependent Care Assistance child care centers, 99, 102 Program committee methodology, 2, 13 Definitional issues discipline, 76 adolescence, 178 early child care, 99-135 (passim)
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From page 340...
... , 59-61, 100-101, 90, 100, 106-108, 112, 113, 112-113, 143 123-125 developmental impacts, 99-135 (passim) , tabular results, 136-171 263 welfare reform, 216-226 Early Head Start, 4, 6, 120, 121, 244, Diet, see Nutrition 268-269, 270 Disabled persons Family and Relative Care Study, 101 adolescent caregivers, 183-184 family functioning, 101-103, 113 after-school programs, 128 funding, 4, 6-7, 8-9, 247-252, 268-271 child care supply, 56 Head Start, 4, 6, 7, 8, 16, 55, 117, 118, Education of the Handicapped Act, 245 119, 120, 223, 242-244, Head Start, 243-244 268-269, 270 Individuals with Disabilities Act, 245 multiplicity of arrangements, 104 infants, public educational policies, 245 National Child Care Staffing Study, 59, leave from work, temporary disabilities, 60, 101, 108, 110 2, 231, 262, 273-275 National Day Care Study, 101 Pregnancy Disability Act, 231 parental emotional impact, 102-103 special education, 118, 224 parent-focused programs, 116, 117-118, welfare reform, 25, 118, 224 119-121 Diseases, disorders, and illness placement considerations, 104-105 see also Disabled persons; Health quality assessment, 2, 4, 6-7, 16-17, 57, insurance; Health status 58, 100-101, 105-125, 263, 264, children, leave policies, 15, 230 267-272 medical leave, 230, 231 self-care, 127 psychological, see Depression social development, 99, 105, 106, 109, public education policy, 245 111, 112-113, 114, 120, 121, welfare reform, 217, 218, 225 122 Divorced persons, 23, 28, 29 standards, 6-7, 101, 256 child care arrangements, 44, 48 Study of Early Child Care, 61, 83, 84, child care expenditures, 51 90, 100, 106-108, 112, 113, nonstandard work schedules, 39 123-125 Dropouts, 180-181, 188, 189, 192-193, 224 tabular research results, 136-161 Drug abuse, see Substance abuse Three-State Study, 101 time spent in, by age, 25, 26 Early Childhood Environmental Rating E Scale (ECERS)
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From page 341...
... see also Household work; Income; International perspectives; Leave quality assessment, 56-63 (passim) , 103, policies; Maternal employment; 121 supply, 54-56 Part-time employment; Wages and salaries; Welfare reform use, demographics, 44, 45 adolescents, 81, 180, 187, 190-198 Family Day Care Rating Scale (FDCRS)
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From page 342...
... 342 INDEX Family functioning and management, 18, Family Support Act, 199, 220 65, 67, 68-98, 260 Fathers see also Depression; Home-based care; attitudes toward parenting, 90 Household work; Marital status behavioral development, 89-90 adolescents, 16, 17, 65, 79-82, 98, 178, child care, 70, 89-91 180, 185, 187, 195-197 educational, 90 childrearing attitudes, 86-87, 92, 137 quality assessment, 62, 90, 120, cognitive stimulation, 76, 78 172-173 control and discipline, 76, 78, 81, time spent, 32, 34-36, 40, 41, 46 86-87, 92 depression, 102-103 developmental outcomes, 65, 67, 68-70, employment, 29, 41, 46, 89 75-91, 100, 101, 108 household work, time spent, 33, 40 early child care, 101-103, 113 single, 89 ecological systems theory, 102-103, wives as primary earners, 31-32, 40-41 183-184 FDCRS, see Family Day Care Rating Scale emotional support, 76, 77-78, 102-103 Federal government, 6 gatekeeping, 76, 77 see also Legislation; Policy issues; State maternal employment, 65, 67, 68-98 government; specific departments adaptation to, 69, 93-94 and agencies maternal psychological well-being, 70, devolution of responsibilities to states, 6, 71, 73, 75, 86, 87, 88, 91-93, 95, 11-12, 200, 202-203 96, 102-103, 113, 133, 214, 218, Fertility, 24 219-220, 224 family size, 73, 219, 222, 250 modeling, 76 welfare reform, 200, 215-216, 219, 222 National Day Care Study, 101 FMLA, see Family and Medical Leave Act nonstandard work schedules, 36-40, 41, Food and nutrition, see Nutrition 70, 88-89, 97-98 Food stamps, 45, 49, 75, 220 routines and traditions, 76 Ford Foundation, 2 self-care, 126, 127, 181-185 Foreign countries, see Immigrants; Study of Early Child Care, 100 International perspectives welfare reforms, 69, 70, 71, 74-82 Foundation for Child Development, 2 (passim) , 92-93, 95, 96-98, From Neurons to Neighborhoods, 17 217-219, 220, 221-222 Funding, 6, 259, 264 child abuse/domestic violence, see also Block grants; Cost and 222-223 cost-benefit factors; Welfare wives as primary earners, 31-32, 40-41 adolescent programs, 131, 188, 246, Family leave, see Leave policies 273 Family members, other than parents, see after-school programs, 131, 246-247, Relatives, other than parents 273 Family size, 73, 219, 250 Child Care Development Fund, 247-252, Family structure 264 see also Fathers; Grandparents; Marital committee study methodology, 2, 6 status; Maternal employment; early childhood education, 4, 6-7, 8-9, Relatives, other than parents; 247-252, 268-271 Single mothers Military Child Care Act, 256 after-school programs, 129-130 public education, 241 child care expenditures, 51-52 state prekindergarten programs, 119, outcome measures, 108, 162-171, 269, 270-271 174-175 Summer Food Service Program, 254 self-care, 126, 127 21st Century Community Learning welfare reform, 217, 218-219, 221-222 Centers (CCLC)
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From page 343...
... , 99, 103 Government, see Federal government; childbearing age, 24 Legislation; Policy issues; family expenditures, 50 Regulations; State government; leave from work, 229-240 Tax policies; Welfare; Welfare maternal employment, 1, 3, 11, 14, 23, reform 24-32, 34-35, 40, 99, 204-206 Grandparents, 44, 47, 48-49, 62, 121, 122, nonstandard work schedules, 36 144-145, 173-174 parental, 32-36 ecological systems theory, 102 public policy, 5, 6, 11-12, 16-17, 266 education, 241-247 single parents, 1, 3, 4, 14, 23, 26-29, 31, H 40-41, 204-206 Handicapped persons, see Disabled persons welfare reform, 2, 12, 199-201, 202, Head Start, 4, 6, 16, 117, 118, 119, 120, 204-207, 209-226 (passim) 242-244, 268-269, 270 Home-based care, 23, 31, 42, 62, 77 see also Early Head Start see also Child care homes; Family day cost factors, 7, 8 care centers; Family functioning supply, 55 and management; Grandparents; welfare reforms, 223 Relatives, other than parents; Health insurance, 230 Self-care disability, wage coverage, 2, 231, 262, grandparents, 44, 47, 48-49, 62, 102, 273-275 121, 122, 144-145, 173-174 low-wage/part-time employment, 15 parental time spent, 23-24, 31, 32-36
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From page 344...
... , 113-114, Income, family, 5 117-118, 120-121, 123-124 see also Poverty; Socioeconomic status; single mothers, 205 Wages and salaries; Welfare; welfare reforms, 83, 205 Welfare reform In-home care, see Home-based care academic achievement, 68, 74 Inner-city environments, see Urban areas adolescents, 195 Insurance, see Health insurance behavioral development, 74-75, 79, 86 International perspectives child care expenditures, 52, 53, 63 Canadian welfare reform, 214-215 child care quality, 100, 107 Europe, 235, 236, 257-259, 275-276 developmental outcomes, 74-75, 131, family leave from work, 235, 236, 151-155, 159, 163, 165, 217, 257-258, 275-276 279-280 immigrants, child care arrangement, 44, earned income tax credit (EITC) , 12, 18, 45, 48 73, 199, 202, 203, 206, 207-208, ITERS, see Infant Toddler Environmental 212, 220, 239-240 Rating Scale husband's earnings, wife's employment, 29 leave from work, 7, 17, 230, 234, 273- J 276 maternal employment, 1, 4, 5, 29, Job training 48-50, 52, 53, 265 adolescents, 187, 188, 191, 194 school-age children, child care, 47, welfare reform, 74, 78, 95, 116, 119 48-50, 52 121, 220, 248 self-care, 126, 127, 182 JOBS programs, 74, 78, 95, 248
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From page 345...
... , 2, 3, 9, 12, 17, 231, 232-235, 237, 261, 262, 276-277 M income level and, 7, 17, 230, 234, 273-276 Marital status medical leave, 230, 231, 237 see also Single mothers parental leave, 6, 7, 9, 13, 18, 229-237, child care expenditures, 51, 53 261-262, 265-266, 279 child care use, 44, 47, 48 part-time employment, 231, 232, 233 corporate work place policies, access to, time factors, 2, 9, 83-84, 230, 235-237, 230 276 divorced persons, 23, 28, 29, 39, 44, 48, wages and salaries, 230, 232, 233, 51 235-237, 265-266 leave from work, policies, 234 Legislation never married mothers, 28, 29, 44, 48, see also Policy issues; Regulations 51, 204, 234 after-school programs, 247 nonstandard work schedules, marital Education of the Handicapped Act, 245 quality, 38, 39, 41 Elementary and Secondary Education parental child care, 32-36 Act, 245 welfare reform, 200, 205, 212, 215-216, Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) , 218-219 2, 3, 9, 12, 17, 231, 232-235, widowed persons, 28, 29, 235 237, 261, 262, 276-277 Maternal employment, 1, 2, 5, 18, 99 Family Support Act, 199, 220 academic achievement of children, 68, Individuals with Disabilities Act, 245 88, 92, 127 Military Child Care Act, 256 adolescents, 4, 79-82 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts, age factors, 26-27, 29-31 240 attitudes and motivation, 68, 69, 76, 87, Personal Responsibility and Work 221 Opportunities Act (PRWOA, child care, time spent, 32, 34-35 1996 Act)
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From page 346...
... , 187 welfare reforms, 14, 38, 64, 65, 69, 199, Native Americans, see American Indians 200, 203 NCCS, see National Child Care Survey welfare-to-work reimbursements/ NELS, see National Education Longitudinal incentives, 77, 78, 97, 98, 203, Survey 214 NICHD, see National Institute of Child Medicaid, 15, 75, 208 Health and Human Development Men, see Fathers; Gender factors NLSY, see National Longitudinal Survey of Mentors, 187, 188 Youth MFIP, see Minnesota Family Investment NSAF, see National Survey of America's Program Families Military Child Care Act, 256 Nutrition Military personnel, children of, 256 Child and Adult Care Food Program, Minnesota Family Investment Program 254 (MFIP) , 214, 218, 221, 222 food stamps, 45, 49, 75, 220 Minority groups, see Race/ethnicity; specific Head Start, 254 groups Summer Food Service Program, 254-255 Title I preschool program, 245
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From page 347...
... , 2, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts, 240 12, 199, 200, 203, 216-217 ORCE, see Observational Record of the see also Temporary Assistance for Needy Caregiving Environment Families Outcome assessments, 56, 64, 65, 265 Child Care Development Fund (CCDF) , see also Developmental factors 247-252 adolescents, 79-82, 188-189, 192-198, Policy issues, general, 3, 5-12, 63, 227-259, 263-264 272-273 early child care, 99, 102, 263-264 see also Federal government; Head Start, 244 International perspectives; process quality, 111-114 Legislation; Regulations; welfare reform, 201-226 Standards; State government; Tax The Overworked American, 31 policies; Welfare reform access to corporate work place policies, table, 230 P committee methodology, 2, 3, 12-13 Parental employment, 65, 178-198 committee recommendations, 7, 8-9, Parental leave, 6, 7, 9, 13, 18, 229-237, 266-277 costs, 7, 8-9, 63-64, 267-277 261-262, 265-266, 279 to arrange child care, 211 Poverty, 10, 14-16 costs to employer/public, 274-275 see also Welfare; Welfare reform adolescent employment, 191 maternity leave, 9, 83-84, 95-96, 231-233, 274, 275-276 after-school programs, 129, 131, 190, parental leave accounts, 275 263 child care expenditures, 52, 53, 63 paternity leave, 231, 232, 233, 236 public policy, general, 6, 13, 18, 229, child development, 68, 70, 83, 84-85, 273-277 217 committee study methodology, 2, 14 Parent-focused programs, 116, 117-118, 119-121 early child care/education, 2, 16-17, Parenting behavior, see Family functioning 102, 104, 107, 263 earned income tax credit (EITC)
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From page 348...
... , 59, 60, 61, 101, employment during, 24-25, 40 106 Head Start, 244 language development, 111-115 maternity leave, 83-84 (passim) , 150-151, 163 mothers, 219-220, 222 measures, 70-71, 106-115, 136-177 Pregnancy Disability Act, 231 outcome assessments and, 111-114 sexual activity, 179-180, 181 School-Aged Environment Rating Scale, Pregnancy Disability Act, 231 106 Preschool children socioeconomic status, 176-177 see also Child care centers; Early statistical analyses, 136-149 childhood care/education; Family structural caregiver characteristics, day care centers; Infants general, 108-110, 114-115, 130, adolescents, child care provided by, 81 133 arrangements for care, 42-47, 54-56, 57, table of research findings, 136-149 58 time factors, 25, 26, 32-36, 99, 103, impacts, 105, 110, 113-114 120-121, 123-125 corporate work place policies, access to, Professional education, see Education and 230 training, professional Cost, Quality, and Outcome Study Profile of Child Care Settings (PCS)
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From page 349...
... , 101, 102, 105, 180 131, 151-155, 159, 163, 165, see also Self-care 263 adolescent caregivers, 81, 183-184 state prekindergarten programs, 119, child care, general, 1, 42, 43, 121, 269, 270-271 144-145 Study of Early Child Care, 61, 83, 84, ecological systems theory, 102, 183-184 90, 100, 106-108, 112, 113, Religious influences, see Faith-based 123-125 organizations tabular research results, 150-171 Research recommendations, 10, 277-280 Three-State Study, 101 adolescent development, 81-82, 277-278 vouchers, 7, 9, 248-249, 265, 268, after-school programs, 11, 189-190 271-272 child care arrangements, 104, 277-278 welfare reforms, 223 time factors in child care, 124-125 Quantum Opportunities Program, 187-188 National Head Start Impact Study, 6 quality assessment, 64, 104, 124, 277-278 R relatives, nonparental, 122 terminology, 72 Race/ethnicity welfare reform, 201-202, 279-280 see also Black persons; Cultural factors; Rural areas Hispanics; Immigrants adolescents as caregivers, 183 adolescent employment, 191 after-school programs, 128, 246 after-school programs, 129 self-care, 126 American Indians, 243, 245 Asians, 243, 245 child care center arrangements, 43-45, S 48, 125 child care expenditures, 51, 53 Safety considerations, 15-16, 38, 73, child development, 125, 223 248-249, 252, 266
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From page 350...
... , 253 31, 40, 204-206, 210-212 Special education, 118, 224 family economic well-being, 75 Sports and athletics, 47, 125, 132, 133, Hispanic, 206 135, 186, 187 historical perspectives, 1, 3, 4, 14, 23, SSBG, see Social Services Block Grant 26-29, 31, 40-41, 204-206 SSP, see Self Sufficiency Project maternal psychological well-being, 92 Standards never married, 28, 29, 44, 48, 51, 204 see also Regulations poverty, 14, 199, 206, 207 American Public Health Association, welfare reform, 75, 199-200, 204-206, 114-115 210-212, 213, 215-216, 219 caregiver/teacher qualifications, 6-7, 59, SIPP, see Survey of Income and Program 101, 114-115, 136-145, 150-151, Participation 256 Small businesses, leave policies, 231, 232 early childhood care, 6-7, 101, 256
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From page 351...
... , 59-61, 100-101, key provisions, 200 112-113, 143 Temporary employment, 15 Family and Relative Care Study, 101 Three-State Study, 101, 110 Three-State Study, 101, 110 Time factors Statistical analyses see also Leave policies; Longitudinal econometrics, 72, 110, 195, 209, 210, studies 216-217 adolescent crime, time of day, 180 maternal employment and child adolescents, 81, 126-128 (passim) , 181 outcomes, 71 182, 192-193, 197-198 maternal leave and depression, 84, 93 after-school programs, 7, 125-126, 128, structural caregiver characteristics and 129-130, 272-273 process quality, 136-149 child care, general, 99, 103, 134, 262, unobserved factors, bias, 104 280 welfare reform, 201-202, 207, 208-209, child care centers, time spent in, 210-213, 216-217 103-104 Structured voluntary activities, 132-133, child care observation, 101-102, 105, 135, 187, 188 106 sports and athletics, 47, 125, 132, 133, early child care, 25, 26, 32-36, 99, 103, 135, 186, 187 120-121, 123-125 Study of Early Child Care, 61, 83, 84, 90, Early Head Start, 8, 270 100, 106-108, 112, 113, 123-125 Head Start, 6, 8, 265, 270 Substance abuse, 180, 192 hours of work, 15, 24, 29-31, 36-40, 44, Suicide, adolescents, 181 48, 49, 70, 83, 125 Summer Food Service Program (SFPS)
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From page 352...
... , 273 231, 262, 273-275 unemployment insurance as pay U substitute, 273, 274 welfare reform and, 203, 206-208, 211 Unskilled workers, 14-15, 38 wives as primary earners, 31-32, 40-41 Urban areas Welfare after-school programs, 128, 129 see also Aid to Families with Dependent Chicago Parent-Child Centers, 117 Children; Early Head Start; Head child care arrangements, general, 45, 49 Start; Poverty; Welfare reform Family and Relative Care Study, 101 adolescent employment, 191 National Child Care Staffing Study, 59, Child and Adult Care Food Program, 60, 101, 108, 110 254 National Day Care Study, 101 child care arrangements of recipients, self-care, 126 44, 48 shift work, 38 early childhood education as program Study of Early Child Care, 61, 83, 84, participation, 118 90, 100, 106-108 Head Start, 254 welfare reform, impacts on children, historical perspectives, 2, 5, 12, 14, 219, 224 199-201 U.S. Child Care Workforce and Caregiving housing, 208, 220 Population, 55-56 Medicaid, 15, 75, 208
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From page 353...
... , 42-54, income family, impact on, 203, 206-208, 181-182 211, 212-215, 220, 221 Title I preschool program, 245 infants, 83, 205 Welfare reform, 9, 14, 38, 64, 65, 69, 70, job training, 116, 119-121, 220 71, 95, 96-97, 199-226 leaver studies, 202, 206, 209, 211-212, see also Personal Responsibility and 213, 216-217 Work Opportunities Act; maternal employment, general, 14, 38, Temporary Assistance for Needy 64, 65, 69, 199, 200, 203 Families maternal parenting, 76-80 (passim) , 87 academic achievement, 215, 220, 224, marital status, impact on, 200, 205, 212, 225, 226 215-216, 218-219 adolescents, 79-82, 219-220, 222, National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work 223-226 Strategies, 74, 87, 222-223 attitudes toward, 221 parenting, adolescents, 79-82 block grants, 200, 250-254, 265, 272 part-time employment, 206-207, 214 Canada, work requirements, 214-215 research methodology, 201-202, caseloads, 200, 202, 203, 204-206, 279-280 209-211 single mothers, 75, 199-200, 204-206, child care centers, 223, 226 210-212, 213, 215-216, 219 child care costs/benefits, 200, 203, 207, social development, 216, 279-280 221-226, 272 state-level variations, 202-203 child care homes, 223 statistical analyses, 201-202, 207, child well-being, 216-226 208-209, 210-213, 216-217 cognitive development of child, 216, time limits for benefits, 199, 200, 203, 217, 219, 222, 279 209, 210-211, 214, 215, 220, disabled persons, 25, 118, 224 221 earned income tax credit (EITC)
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From page 354...
... 354 INDEX Work and Family: Policies for a Changing nonstandard, 24, 36-40, 41, 56, 70, Work Force, 16 88-89, 128, 182 Work schedules, 15, 24, 36-40, 41, 45, 56 shift work, 36, 37, 45, 48, 49, 52, see also Leave policies 182 child care arrangements, 44, 48, 49, 52, 53-54 child care expenditures, 52 Y flextime, 230 leave policies, 2, 9, 83-84, 230, Young children, see also Early childhood care/education; Preschool children 235-237 Younger Americans Act, 188 Youth, see Adolescents
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Key Terms

  • welfare reform
  • head start
  • maternal employment
  • care centers
  • day care

  • care arrangements
  • care expenditures
  • academic achievement
  • single mothers
  • leave policies

  • voluntary activities
  • work schedules
  • process quality
  • caregiver characteristics
  • adolescent employment

  • educational attainment
  • welfare reforms
  • care development
  • family functioning
  • care study

  • social development
  • cognitive development
  • socioeconomic status
  • developmental outcomes
  • family day

  • structured voluntary
  • family leave
  • rating scale
  • care homes
  • household work


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