Working Families and Growing Kids Caring for Children and Adolescents (2003) / Chapter Skim
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3. Trends in the Care of Children
3. Trends in the Care of Children
Pages 42-64
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From page 42... ...
, family day care homes (care for a small group of children in a provider's home) , child care centers, and other organized activities.
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From page 43... ...
were in some type of nonrelative care, including children in day care centers, nursery schools, or kindergarten (31 percent) , family day care homes (11 percent)
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From page 44... ...
44 WORKING FAMILIES AND GROWING KIDS TABLE 3-1 Percentage Distribution of Employed Mothers' Primary Child Care Arrangements for Children from Birth to Age 5, Spring 1999 Family Demographic Day Other Grand- Other Characteristic Center Care Nonrelative Parent parent Relative All 31 11 10 20 21 7 Married 31 12 10 24 18 6 Widowed, divorced, 36 12 8 12 24 8 separated, married spouse absent Never married 28 8 10 11 32 11 White 32 14 9 22 18 5 Black 39 5 8 13 26 9 Hispanic 20 7 13 21 24 15 Other 24 3 7 20 40 7 Noncitizen 19 4 14 25 23 16 Native 32 12 9 20 20 6 Native citizen 28 7 9 15 33 8 < High school 24 5 10 15 23 20 High school 23 8 8 24 25 7 Some college 30 12 12 18 22 7 College graduate 36 16 9 20 15 3 Full time 33 13 10 15 21 7 Part time 25 8 8 31 21 8 Day shift 35 13 9 15 20 7 Nonday 19 5 10 33 24 9 < poverty 30 7 11 17 24 12 1-2 poverty 24 7 8 24 25 11 2+ poverty 34 13 10 20 19 5 Public assistance 33 8 9 10 30 11 No public 31 11 10 21 20 7 assisstance Age 0 17 11 9 29 26 8 Age 1 19 14 14 22 25 7 Age 2 24 13 11 23 23 7 Age 3 27 12 8 20 23 11 Age 4 42 10 9 15 18 7 Age 5 51 7 7 15 14 5 South 37 10 8 15 23 7 Non-South 28 12 10 23 20 8 (continued)
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From page 45... ...
(1991:45) report that 10 percent of centers and 6 percent of regulated family day care homes in the Profile of Child Care Settings (explained further in the section on child care supply)
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From page 46... ...
This is probably due to the greater ability of higher-income families to pay for center care. Overall use of nonrelative care increases sharply with the age of the child after age 1, from 47 percent at age 1 to 65 percent at age 5.
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From page 47... ...
Table 3-2 classifies children ages 6 to 14 according to their primary arrangement other than school. Arrangements for school-age children are classified as center, nonrelative (including family day care homes)
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From page 48... ...
48 WORKING FAMILIES AND GROWING KIDS TABLE 3-2 Percentage Distribution of Employed Mothers' Primary Child Care Arrangements Other Than School for Children Ages 6-14, Spring 1999 Demographic Other Organized Grand- Other Characteristic Center Nonrelative Activity Parent parent Relative Self All 5 9 12 37 14 13 12 Married 5 8 12 42 10 11 12 Widowed, divorced 6 10 11 24 20 16 14 separated, married spouse absent Never married 5 11 10 22 26 19 8 White 5 8 13 39 11 11 14 Black 5 8 12 31 19 17 9 Hispanic 4 13 8 33 17 19 7 Other 4 9 8 37 19 13 10 Noncitizen 3 10 5 43 12 20 6 Native 5 9 13 36 13 12 13 Native citizen 8 13 8 38 14 12 7 < High school 3 8 6 37 14 24 8 High school 5 8 9 37 17 13 12 Some college 5 10 11 36 14 12 13 College graduate 6 9 18 37 9 9 13 Full time 6 10 11 32 15 14 13 Part time 2 7 12 49 11 11 9 Day shift 5 9 13 35 13 13 13 Nonday 3 9 8 44 16 13 7 |
From page 49... ...
Nonrelative includes family day care homes, babysitters, nannies, and other unspecified nonrelatives. Hispanics are excluded from the white, black, and other race categories.
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From page 50... ...
.5 The fact that only 43 percent of employed mothers paid for child care may seem surprising, but the rate of use of nonrelative care by employed mothers of children, averaged over all children ages 0 to 14, is 42.1 percent. The rate of use of paid care was 56.8 percent for families with children ages 0 to 5 only, and 31.1 percent for families with children ages 6 to 14 only.
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From page 51... ...
TRENDS IN THE CARE OF CHILDREN 51 of % Income 5.3 3.7 9.3 9.8 4.5 7.5 8.5 5.8 7.0 4.1 2.9 (continued) 1999 Children Spring with Weekly Expenditure 55 55 58 53 52 56 65 83 66 56 31 Only Families 6-14 % Pay 31.1 31.9 22.5 28.1 33.0 24.2 31.3 24.6 43.7 31.0 16.9 Mother, of % Income 9.0 6.8 7.5 5.4 7.1 16.2 12.5 11.8 16.4 10.2 Employed an Children with 89 95 90 69 92 73 89 83 98 74 with Weekly Expenditure Only Families Families 0-5 % Pay 56.1 58.0 63.5 48.4 61.4 45.4 48.0 38.4 54.7 58.3 in of % Income 7.5 5.6 6.3 7.3 7.7 7.0 4.1 2.9 12.4 13.1 10.6 11.5 10.1 Expenditure Care Weekly Expenditure 76 78 71 66 75 71 80 88 96 82 66 52 31 Child Families All % Pay 43.0 44.7 37.5 40.9 45.9 35.9 41.3 30.6 56.3 58.5 43.7 31.0 16.9 Family child Total married 3-3 divorced absent married youngest of separated, spouse 0-2 3-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 TABLE Demographic Characteristic All Married Widowed, Never White Black Hispanic Other Age
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From page 52... ...
Continued hours are 3-3 35+ earnings Tabulations school graduate 's Data = income school college time time shift $18,000 $18,000 time High < $18-35,999 $36-53,999 $54,000+ < $18-35,999 $36-53,999 $54,000+ TABLE Demographic Characteristic < High Some College Full Part Day Nonday Mother Family NOTES: Full SOURCE:
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From page 53... ...
, while the percentage of income spent on child care falls monotonically with education, from 15.2 percent for high school dropouts to 5.1 percent for college graduates. These patterns also appear for families with only children ages 0 to 5 and for families with only children ages 6 to 14.
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From page 54... ...
The day/nonday shift differences are similar to the full-time/part-time differences. CHILD CARE SUPPLY The simplest way to measure the supply of child care is to consider the licensed capacity of existing day care centers and family day care homes.
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From page 55... ...
indicate that there were 113,506 licensed day care centers in 2001, and 306,246 regulated family day care homes (Children's Foundation, 2002)
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working in child care centers, 650,000 (28 percent) providing family day care, 804,000 (35 percent)
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From page 57... ...
collected information on structural classroom characteristics from a nationally representative sample of child care centers and regulated family day care homes through a telephone survey in 1990. There are limitations to telephone surveys for the purpose of measuring the structural characteristics, compared with recording them by direct on-site observation.
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From page 58... ...
Specialized training in early education, child development, or child care is also more common among center staff than in family day care homes. Onequarter of day care center teachers had earned a child development associ
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Table 3-5 presents descriptive statistics on quality ratings in day care centers from these two studies by site, age of children in the classroom, and the auspices of the center (for profit or nonprofit)
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60 the the of scale and the for ITERS Staffing (1.07)
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From page 61... ...
At age 15 months, positive caregiving is somewhat or highly characteristic of 28 percent of centers and 50 percent of family day care homes compared with 60 to 71 percent of fathers, grandparents, and in-home babysitters. The quality of the more informal types of care 9The ECERS and ITERS instruments are similar but not identical.
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From page 62... ...
By age 36 months, positive caregiving is somewhat or highly characteristic of 33 percent of centers and 34 percent of family day care homes compared with 47 percent of fathers, 45 percent of grandparents, and 56 percent of in-home babysitters. This differential may be due to the fact that the ORCE instrument emphasizes responsiveness to the individual child, and thus it might tend to produce higher quality ratings in small groups or individual care settings.
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From page 63... ...
The type of child care used by parents in the United States is very diverse in terms of setting, quality, and cost. Child care settings range from institutional arrangements, such as child care centers and preschools, to smaller family day care homes and in-home arrangements, with one adult hired to care for one child, to relative care.
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From page 64... ...
The fact that the average quality of child care is mediocre in day care centers thus warrants concern. More generally, the lack of data on child care quality from a nationally representative sample of child care arrangements makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions about the adequacy of child care quality in the United States, although indicators of structural aspects of quality raise serious concerns.
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