Biographical Memoirs Volume 82 (2003) / Chapter Skim
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Erwin W. Müller
Erwin W. Müller
Pages 198-219
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From page 199... ...
MULLER June 13, 1911-May 17, 1977 BY ALLAN J MELMED THE FORTY-SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL Field Emission Symposium, which took place July 29 to August 6, 2001, was helcl in Berlin to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of Erwin Muller's first publication on the invention of the field!
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From page 200... ...
He obtained his university education at the Technische Hochschule Berlin-CharIottenburg (now Technische Univeritat Berlin) , receiving an engineering diploma in ~ 935 and a doctor of engineering (physics emphasis)
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From page 201... ...
The Max Planck Society officially recognized these goocl relations by making him an external scientific member of the Fritz-Haber Institute, Berlin, in 1957, which he accepted as much as an obligation as an honor. At Penn State he began as professor of physics.
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From page 202... ...
Erwin Muller's first publication was in Zeitschr~ft fur Physik in 1935: "A Methoc! for Photometric Measurement of the Intensity of Spectral Lines." His dissertation research, "The Dependence of Fielcl Electron Emission on Work Function," was published in Zeitschrift fur Physik in 1936.
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From page 203... ...
Very easily, however, he was able to thermally smooth the protrusions en cl remove contamination from the W tip en cl to view the electron emission pattern of the clean surface on the screen. This tube was the first point projection fielcl emission microscope.4 He was then able to measure the electron emission characteristics of the clean W surface en c!
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From page 204... ...
Drechsler has notecIi that Stabilovolt manufactured glow discharge tubes that usecl Ba-activatecl cathodes, en cl this proviclec! the opportunity for Muller to investigate surface diffusion of Ba on W using his FEM.
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From page 205... ...
, to get the best results. Erwin Muller, however, aimed to make a great leap forward to achieve his ciream of atomic resolution.
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From page 206... ...
Muller lookocl at him en cl simply saicI, "From now on, we work with positive tip voltage." The first FIM microscope was an FEM operated with positive tip voltage plus the aciclition of a palIaclium tube that when heated with a hydrogen flame, allowed! the introduction of hydrogen into the microscope.
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From page 207... ...
Then in ~ 959 the results of fielcI-electron-emission energy clistributions, mentioned above, revealed an unexpectedly narrow energy distribution, which is the basis of achieving atomic resolution with the electron microscope. The decision for Muller to leave Germany must have been clifficult.
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From page 208... ...
only resolve atoms along multiple step-height ledges formed, for example, by heating the W tip after carbon adsorption a very special case. By late spring or early summer of 1952 Muller had begun to attract students en cl to set up his new Penn State field emission laboratory, in the sub-basement of Osmonc!
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From page 209... ...
uniquely powerful analytic instruments. He clearly believecl that his success in achieving improved image contrast and resolution, comparecl to FEM, valiciatecl his hypothesis that operating the FIM with a low-pressure hycirogen-ambient-enablecl image formation by positive ions clesorbec!
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From page 210... ...
R Gomer found that most of the ions contributing to the FIM image intensity originated slightly away from the surface, which was contrary to Muller's original concept of image formation.
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From page 211... ...
D Young, a student of his, refining the method of measuring electron energy distribution lecl to a new theoretical analysisi7 and experimental verification of fielcl emission energy distributions, and revealecl an unexpectedly narrow energy distribution.
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From page 212... ...
i9 Muller's final major contribution to science was his invention of the instrument he caller! the atom probe, in 1967.2° It later also became known as the atom probe fielcl ion microscope, recognizing that it incorporates an FIM capability to give an atomic map of the specimen surface, by means of which the user selects atoms for chemical iclentification by time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
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From page 213... ...
He askocl Barofsky to assess the feasibility of cloing single-ion mass spectroscopy using a magnetic sector instrument with a continuous clynocle detector. A short while later Barofsky Earned about the time-of-flight technique from a course he was taking en cl suggested its use to Muller, who clirectec!
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From page 214... ...
W Welch Gold Medal, American Vacuum Society John Scott Medal, City of Philadelphia (oldest scientific award given in America)
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From page 215... ...
vacuum electronics applications. His clevelopment of ultra-high vacuum techniques, from the pioneering use of barium en cl other metal vacuum getters to his early achievement of vacuum levels clown to below lops torr quietly acivancecl both surface science en cl vacuum technology.
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From page 216... ...
Tutta Moser (nee Muller) , Kanwar Bahadur, Doug Barofsky, Paul Cutler, Norbert Ernst, Terry Fowler, Gary Kellogg, Ralph Klein, Gustav and Ingrid Klipping, John Panitz, Gerrit Pankow, Walt Pimbley, Werner Schmidt, Tien T
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From page 217... ...
108:668-80. 1943 Zur Geschwindigkeitsverteilung der Elektronen bei der Feldemission.
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From page 218... ...
Industrial Research 4:32-36. 1963 Field emission microscopy of clean surfaces with electrons and positive ions.
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From page 219... ...
Energy spectrum of field ionization at a single atomic site.
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