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4. The Future of Carbon Monoxide Air Quality Management
Pages 149-159

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From page 149...
... CO control has been one of the greatest success stories in air-pollution control. As a result, the focus of United States air quality management has shifted to characterizing and controlling other pollutants, such as tropospheric ozone, fine particulate matter (PM2 5)
From page 150...
... Maladjusted home heating units operated in confined spaces and unventilated homes remain sources for high CO exposures, as does cigarette smoking These sources expose individuals to high concentrations but have no measurable effect on any fixed-site monitor. In addition, CO concentrations are not uniform across a region, and hot spots with higher levels of ambient CO may occur at discrete locations Hot spots often occur in places with high vehicle traffic or other local sources, especially when topographical and meteorological conditions are conducive to CO accumulation.
From page 151...
... This section discusses the roles of new-vehicle emissions standards, oxygenated fuels, and transportation-control measures in managing CO; the appropriate spatial scale for CO management; and the possibility that increasing VMT and other factors may counter the decline in vehicle CO emissions per mile. The chapter concludes with a section discussing the integration of CO into the overall management of air quality in the United States.
From page 152...
... In the absence of compelling evidence, the committee cannot recommend making the cold-start CO standards more strict. In the future, additional fleet-average CO emissions reductions will come from the increased number of vehicles certified to cold-temperature standards and from the introduction of emissions control technologies and low-sulfur fuels that will be adopted to meet the Tier 2 standards.
From page 153...
... Oxygenated fuels programs have declined in effectiveness and are expected to continue to decline as more modern vehicles enter the fleet.2 Therefore, the question arises: Should a mandatory oxygenated fuels program continue? An oxygenated fuels program aimed at reducing winter CO emissions appears to be of decreasing value.
From page 154...
... However, the design of appropriate strategies depends on a more thorough understanding ofthe sources of CO emissions in specific areas and the meteorological, topographical, and human factors that contribute to the formation of hot spots. The current process of using regional CO emissions inventories for the analysis of localized exceedances demonstrates this issue.
From page 155...
... The elimination of hot spots will undoubtedly require region-wide as well as location-specific efforts. Impact of Increasing VMT and Longer Fleet Turnover Advances in motor-vehicle emissions control technology have reduced CO emissions faster than VMT has increased.
From page 156...
... INTEGRATING CO CONTROL INTO THE OVERALL AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Historically, all criteria pollutants have been considered independently. As such, CO tends to be managed in isolation even though other pollutants have similar emissions sources and CO can play a substantial role in the formation of ozone (03)
From page 157...
... The committee recognizes that the focus of air quality management in the near future will be on attaining the new PM2 5 and 8-hour O3 standards as well as reducing air tonics. However, winter inversion conditions that characterize the remaining high-CO areas not only affect the build up of CO but they are also related to higher concentrations of PM2 5 and some air tonics.
From page 158...
... Because CO nonattainment is very unlikely in many regions, state and regional air quality planning agencies have expressed interest in reducing or eliminating CO monitoring in their areas. From a scientific standpoint, current CO monitors provide valuable information for long-term air quality management planning.
From page 159...
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