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A Review of the Dose Reconstruction Program of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (2003) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 385-399

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From page 385...
... Sumner, USS, 161 Alpha particles, 32, 105, 185, 362 Alpha radiation, 54, 362 AMAD. See Activity median aerodynamic diameter APPLE-I, Shot, 194, 201 APPLE-II, Shot, 130-131, 137, 201 ARGUS, Operation, 17 Assumptions about random locations, 150 about shielding factors, 126 inconsistent application of, 128 385 with substantial uncertainty or tending to underestimate inhalation dose, 182-210 tending to overestimate inhalation dose, 101, 169-182 used in internal dose screen, 241-242 Atmospheric nuclear-weapons detonations exposing military personnel, 26 locations of, 19 Atmospheric testing, 51-52, 55, 362 Atomic bomb, 179, 362 "Atomic veterans," x, 362 an underutilized resource, 3 compensation program for, 22 concerns expressed by, 42-43 data solicited from, 23 dose reconstructions for, 38-41, 335-348 frustration of, 236-237 giving the benefit of the doubt, 3, 25, 38-40 interaction with, 47-48 need to better inform, 3-4, 238-239, 260 Average doses, 2 on USS Salt Lake City, 79 B Backscatter, 84 Badged dose See also Film badges
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From page 386...
... , 362 BEIR V See Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation Benefit of the doubt denied to atomic veterans, 128, 137, 140, 143-145 given to atomic veterans, 3, 25, 38-40 importance of, 39-40, 230, 265 Beta particles, 32, 34, 363 skin and eye doses from exposure to, 3, 66, 80-81 Beta radiation, 21, 54, 63, 80, 140, 363 adjusting, 82 Beta skin and eye dose estimates, 160-166 Beta-to-gamma dose ratios, 81-84, 116-117, 363 for contaminated surfaces used at Pacific tests, 83 Bias, 68, 363 correction of, 72 See also Accuracy; Precision Bias factors, 315, 363 introduced into film-badge data reporting, 72 Bikini Atoll, nuclear testing in, 17, 73, 78, 218, 283 Bile duct cancer, 24 gingham, New Mexico, 17 Bioassay program to assess internal exposures to plutonium, 247-248 Biokinetic model, 101, 170, 187, 363 Biological effectiveness, 363 of alpha particles, 105, 185 of neutrons, 159 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR V)
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From page 387...
... INDEX Cases 387 #1-99, 141, 158, 291-299 #1, 208, 234 #2, 160 #3, 212, 215n, 234 #4, 160, 234 #5,212 #6, 146, 209, 234 #7, 180, 207 #8, 180,212,234,245 #9, 144, 146, 160-163, 165, 234 #10, 143-144 #11, 143-144 #12, 160-163 #15, 125, 146, 238 #16, 144, 194, 212 #17, 144, 160 #18, 160, 234, 245 #19, 160, 234 #20, 160 #21, 144, 180, 194, 234, 245 #23, 180, 194, 245 #24, 145, 209 #25, 145, 160, 162-163, 209 #26, 146, 165, 234 #27, 125, 144, 180, 194, 245 #28, 126, 160, 208 #29, 160, 207 #30, 208 #31, 180, 194 #32, 125, 143-144, 212, 245 #33, 125, 144 #34, 208 #35, 142-143, 145, 160 #36, 144, 180, 245 #37, 125, 137, 201, 234 #38, 144-145, 160, 180, 212, 234, 245 #39, 146, 160-163 #40, 125, 136-137, 144, 160-163, 234 #41, 245 #42, 142 #43, 180, 212, 234 #44, 142, 144, 209 #45, 128, 154 #47, 125, 135-136, 143-144, 180, 212, 234, 142, 128, 125, 245 #48, 154 #49, 128, 154, 208, 234, 238 #52, 208 #53, 125, 128, 154, 234-235 #54, 142-144, 160, 208 #55, 136, 142, 160, 208, 250n #56, 208 #57, 234-235 #58, 145, 180, 193, 212, 215n, 238 #59, 144, 234, 245 #63, 180, 193, 212, 239, 245 #64, 160-163 #65, 160, 234 #66, 160-163 #67, 160 #68, 145-146, 234, 245 #69, 145 #70, 160 #71, 160-161 #73, 125, 135, 234, 245 #74, 143 #76, 245 #77, 125, 129-132, 201, 234-235 #78, 180, 194, 212, 234-235, 245 #80, 194 #81, 125, 144, 245 #82, 142, 234 #83, 125, 201 #84, 125, 138-139 #85, 234 #87, 125, 137, 144, 160, 194 #88, 125, 160 #89, 125, 207 #90, 201 #91, 249n #92, 144 #93, 125, 139, 144, 160 #94, 144, 180, 193, 245 #96, 160-164, 180, 212 #97, 125, 143-145, 160-163 #98, 125, 144, 180, 234, 245 #99, 125, 138, 144, 207-208, 248 See also Contributed case CASTLE, Operation, 17, 106-107, 126-127, 135, 148, 152, 156, 184, 210, 218, 283284, 315-316, 328 CBR Defense Team Training, 131 CDR. See Camp Desert Rock Central estimates, 111, 114, 142-147, 157-159, 214, 364 CEPXS radiation transport code, 80, 329 CFR.
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From page 388...
... Service, 50, 54, 57 Composite beta dose coefficient, for immersion in fallout-contaminated air, 85 Concentrations, 81-82, 340 Concentrations of radionuclides in air in an atmospheric cloud, 99-100 in descending fallout, 97-99 fractionation of radionuclides, 92-94 inhalation of suspended neutron activation products in soil, 96-97 INDEX methods of estimating, 88-101 methods of estimating concentrations of radionuclides in air, 100-101 in resuspended fallout, 89-92 resuspension of radionuclides in deposited fallout, 94-96 shots at Nevada Test Site taking inhalation of resuspended fallout from previous shots into account, 92 Concerns of veterans, 41-43 Confidence interval, 36n, 66n, 364 Congress, 23-24 questions raised by, 28 See also Legislation; Senate Contaminated areas at NTS bulldozer clearing path through, 138 resuspension factors normally assumed for various activities of atomic veterans in, 95 Contaminated food and water, 215n Contaminated ships in the Pacific, resuspension factors normally assumed for various activities of participants on, 96 Contributed case, 132-135 Coordination and Information Center (CIC) , 152, 154 Coulomb (C)
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From page 389...
... , 88n See also Dose coefficients Dose equivalent, 35 See also Equivalent dose Dose reconstruction conduct of over time, 40-41 deficiency in, 223 definition of exposure scenarios, 30-32 389 development and implementation of methods of estimating dose, 34-35 elements of, 30-38 evaluation of uncertainties in estimates of dose, 36-37 exposure scenario assumed in, 354-355 focus on specific persons, 38-39 identification of exposure pathways, 32-34 importance of benefit of the doubt, 39-40 for occupation forces in Japan, 107-110, 226-227 presentation and interpretation of results, 37 principles of, 28-41 process of, 30-38 quality assurance and quality control, 37-38 review of selected, 44, 50 reviewed by committee, 291-301 "scientific," 69 special aspects of, 38-41 Dose reconstruction memoranda case #22, 282-285 case #60, 286-290 from sample cases reviewed by committee, 281-290 Dose reconstruction program, 366 beginning efforts in, 1 historical vs. retrospective, 29 need for independent oversight of, 4 need for quality control in, 4 "Dose screen," 307, 333 Dose summary reports for case #22, 282 for case #60, 286 Dosimetric models, 101, 170, 177, 366 Dosimetry, 366 based on film badges, 21 history of, 307-308 DTRA.
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From page 390...
... See Energy Research and Development Administration Errors, 22, 71, 367 Esophageal cancer, 24 Estes, USS, 152, 283-284 Estimates, 367 allowing for uncertainty in, 68 assumptions involved in, 3 development and implementation of methods for making, 34-35 plausibility of, 37 of skin doses, 164-166 of total dose and uncertainty for individual participants, 119-121 Estimation of beta dose to skin and lens of the eye, 80-86 from immersion in contaminated air or water, 83-84 skin contamination, 84-86 from standing on contaminated surface, 8183 Estimation of external dose, 69-86 estimation of neutron doses, 79-80 external dose estimation from film-badge data, 70-72 external gamma-dose estimation based on dose reconstruction, 72-79 Estimation of internal dose, 86-107 absorption through the skin or open wound, 107 methods of estimating ingestion dose, 106107 methods of estimating inhalation dose, 87106 Evaluation of approach to dose reconstruction, 358359 of ingestion doses, 219 of methods of estimating internal dose, 166-226 of uncertainties in estimates of dose, 36-37 Evaluation of methods of estimating inhalation dose, 169-215 assumptions tending to overestimate inhalation dose, 169-182 INDEX assumptions with substantial uncertainty or tending to underestimate inhalation dose, 182-210 Evaluation of potential inhalation doses, 215219 evaluation of ingestion doses, 219 example analysis of potential ingestion doses at the NTS, 216-217 example analysis of potential ingestion doses in the Pacific, 217-219 Example analysis of potential ingestion doses at the NTS, 216-217 of potential ingestion doses in the Pacific, 217-219 Explanations, to atomic veterans regarding implications of committee's findings, 263-264 Exposure, 363, 367 to contaminated ground, 116-117 diseases caused by, 1 Exposure pathways, 367 of external exposure, 33-34 identification of, 32-34 of internal exposure, 33-34 Exposure scenarios, 66-69, 367 adequacy of scenario determinations, 139140 bulldozer clearing path through a contaminated area, 138 definition of, 30-32 determination of, 124-140 discussion of selected cases illustrating scenario determination problems, 127139 F-84G cloud-sampling aircraft, 130, 133 implications of example analysis for, 344345 individualized dose reconstructions, 68-69 individualized reconstruction of scenarios, 69 inhalation in an atmospheric cloud, 99-100 inhalation of descending fallout, 97-99 inhalation of resuspended fallout, 89-92 inhalation of suspended neutron activation products in soil, 96-97 problems developing, 3 sailors sweeping deck of ship, 128 tents on Parry Island at Operation CASTLE, 127 typical metal buildings used at Enewetak, 126
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From page 391...
... 236-239 on documentation of dose calculations, 234-235 on estimates of external gamma dose, 156158 on estimation of internal dose, 219-224 implications of, 251-256 on the low-level internal dose screen, 240247 presentation and interpretation of, 37 of previous NRC review, 167-169 on quality assurance, 233-234 on retroactive recalculations of doses and re-evaluations of prior compensation decisions, 248-251 Fireball, 20, 357, 368 Fission byproducts, 328, 368 Fission yield. See Yield 573rd Ordnance Company, 132 Fixed rate compensation, 323 Flight logs, 26 Flohr, Bradley letter to John Till, 313-314 Schaeffer's letters to, 312, 330 FOIA.
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From page 392...
... , 27 Interactive RadioEpidemiological Program (IREP) , 60-64 Internal dose assessment for case #22, 285 for case #60, 289 Internal dose estimation, 166-226 credibility of estimated upper bounds of inhalation dose, 224-226 evaluation of methods of estimating inhalation dose, 169-215 evaluation of potential inhalation doses, 215-219 findings of previous NRC review, 167-169 findings related to estimation of internal dose, 219-224 Internal dose screen assumptions used in, 241-242 low-level, 240-247 Internal exposure, 32
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From page 393...
... See Local area network Large-particle inhalation dose coefficients, 173-174 LASSEN, Shot, 194, 201 Latency period, 369 Latent periods, 369 for radiogenic diseases, 24 Legislation 32 CFR Part 218, 65, 319 32 CFR 218.3, 125 393 38 CFR Part 3, 25 38 CFR 3.102, 7, 39, 125 38 CFR 3.309, 2, 7, 12, 25, 52, 54, 56, 66, 159n, 186n, 248, 252 38 CFR 3.311, 2, 7, 12, 25, 51-52, 66, 125, 252, 319, 321 governing the NTPR program, 24-25 PL 97-72, 24 PL 97-414, 57 PL 98-542, 24, 57, 319 PL 100-321, 24, 56, 314, 322 PL 106-419, Section 305, 15 See also Senate LET. See Linear energy transfer Leukemia, 22, 24, 58, 62, 370 doses corresponding to different credibility limits of PC for, 63 induction of, 159n Linear energy transfer (LET)
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From page 394...
... See Nevada Test Site Nuclear detonation, army personnel examining equipment damaged during, 75 Nuclear Health and Safety: Radiation Exposures for Some Cloud-Sampling Personnel Need to be Reexamined, 28 Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) program, 6-11, 35, 45, 51, 124-230 determination of exposure scenarios, 124140 development of, 22-24 dose reconstruction for occupation forces in Japan, 226-227
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From page 395...
... , 283 Pacific test site unit dose reconstructions, 7679, 126 damaged quarterdeck on USS Pensacola, 155 exposure on contaminated target ships, 153-155 exposure to fallout, 149-153 radiation levels on selected target ships, 154 395 Pacific test sites, 82-83 film badge damage at, 71 nuclear weapons tests at, 1, 17, 20-21, 2728, 33-34, 66, 73, 220-223 See also individual Operations and Shots; individual test sites Pancreatic cancer, 24 Papers, availability of, 26 Parry Island, 127, 152, 287 Participant groups conducting radiation survey on deck of a ship, 77 use of internal dose screen in dose reconstructions for, 242-243 Participation status, 52 Particles, size of inhaled, 102-104 Past compensation decisions, implications of findings for, 253-255 Pathways. See Exposure pathways PC.
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From page 396...
... , 113, 125-126, 140 INDEX Radionuclides, 374 airborne, 31 resuspension of large amounts of, 3 retention in the body, 101 RANGER, Operation, 326 Rare-earth elements, isotopes of, 176, 190 RBE. See Relative biological effectiveness Re-evaluations of prior claims, need for veterans to request, 3 Re-evaluations of prior compensation decisions, 248-251 Recommendations, 265-266 regarding a system for permanent review of the dose reconstruction program, 262 Reconstruction, 374 of external gamma doses, 146-156 of the veteran's experiences, 69 See also Dose reconstruction program REDWING, Operation, 68n, 70-71, 136, 144, 308, 316-317, 323 REECo.
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From page 397...
... , 376 SIMON, Shot, 114, 148, 201 Skate, USS, 154 Skin cancer, 63, 250 doses corresponding to different credibility limits of PC for, 63 nonmelanoma, 63 Skin contamination, 84-86, 117-118 composite beta dose coefficient for immersion in fallout-contaminated air, 85 Skin dose, 85 Small intestine cancer, 24 Smoking, lung cancer from, 57-58 SMOKY, Shot, 22, 193-195, 336 Solid tumors, induction of, 159 SOP. See Standard operating procedure Special orders, 26 Special Weapons Command, 138 Spectrum-weighted quality factor, 80, 376 Squamous cell carcinoma, 63 Standard operating procedures (SOPs)
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From page 398...
... 117 methods of estimating or accounting for, 110-119 need to re-evaluate, 3 skin contamination, 117-118 upper-bound estimates in unit dose reconstructions, 112-115 upper-bound estimates of neutron dose, 115 Uncertainty factors, 184, 315, 377 allowances made for, 67 UNCLE, Shot, 139 Uniform distribution, 58, 377 Unit and personal activities for case #22, 283 for case #60, 287 Unit dose reconstructions, 67-68 Unit dose reconstructions at the NTS, 73-75 army personnel examining equipment damaged during a nuclear detonation, 75 for maneuver troops at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 74 troops leaving trench shortly after a detonation, 75 Unit dose reconstructions for Pacific test sites, 76-79 average daily doses on USS Salt Lake City at Operation CROSSROADS, Shot BAKER, 79 participants conducting radiation survey on deck of a ship, 77 underwater Shot BAKER in Bikini Lagoon, 78 Unit dose reconstructions for Task Force WARRIOR at Operation PLUMBBOB, Shot SMOKY, 318, 349-359 activities of Task Force WARRIOR at Shot SMOKY, 349-351 alternative exposure scenario for Task Force WARRIOR, 355-357
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From page 399...
... Army, observers examining dummies set up near ground zero at Operation TEAPOT Shot MET, 130 U.S. atmospheric nuclear-weapons test series, history of, 18 U.S.
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Key Terms

  • dose reconstruction
  • internal dose
  • unit dose
  • inhalation dose
  • atomic veterans

  • external gamma
  • inhalation doses
  • ingestion doses
  • external dose
  • military personnel

  • upper bounds
  • dose assessment
  • example analysis
  • reconstruction program
  • beta dose

  • force warrior
  • dose coefficients
  • veterans affairs
  • pacific test
  • exposure scenarios

  • potential inhalation
  • test site
  • dose summary
  • dose screen
  • international commission

  • nuclear test
  • shot hood
  • biological effectiveness
  • proving ground
  • neutron dose


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