Shipboard Automatic Identification System Displays Meeting the Needs of Mariners -- Special Report 273 (2003) / Chapter Skim
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6 Conclusions and Recommendations
6 Conclusions and Recommendations
Pages 143-156
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From page 143... ...
carriage requirements has already begun for oceangoing vessels, the requirements do not specify any shipboard display parameters for use by the mariner beyond minimal basic numerical identification data. In this chapter, the committee's conclusions and recommendations derived from its investigations and analyses of the key issues affecting the design, development, and implementation of shipboard AIS displays are presented.
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From page 144... ...
Finally, USCG needs an AIS display implementation process to ensure that the underlying research will be accomplished to demonstrate the via bility of the display requirements and that the resulting system will meet the needs of the mariners who use it. Recommendation 1: USCG should establish an implementation plan and schedule for AIS shipboard display standards in consultation with stakeholders.
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From page 145... ...
Thus, the implementation schedule for true AIS shipboard displays is uncertain. The introduction of onboard displays of AIS information represents an opportunity for significant improvements in available knowledge and aware ness of waterway and vessel traffic situations for all mariners, which should bring safety and efficiency benefits.
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From page 146... ...
AIS information will be displayed in many different operating environments: rivers and inland waterways, high density ports with mixed traffic, coastal waterways, urban harbors with scheduled ferry and passenger vessel operations, and major commercial ports accommodating large deep-sea vessels. In the United States, by far the largest segment of operators who may be required to use AIS are tugs, tow ing vessels, passenger ferries, and other non-SOLAS vessels.
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From page 147... ...
navigable waters by Defining mariner information needs, Defining key functions for AIS displays aboard different types of vessels and in different operating environments, Developing appropriate requirements for each major vessel class that take into consideration the wide differences in operating environments,
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From page 148... ...
The process of setting standards and certifying AIS equipment is under way within international bodies for the Class A units specified in current carriage requirements for SOLAS vessels. However, no such standards-setting process has begun for AIS displays either internationally or in the United States.
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From page 149... ...
Thirteen human factors principles are particularly relevant to AIS interface design. Among them are ensuring that system behavior is completely visible to the operator, avoiding interface management tasks during high-tempo situations, and realizing that the rep resentation of AIS data (e.g., graphic versus numeric)
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From page 150... ...
Recommendation 4: In its standards, USCG should specify that design, process, and performance standards be used in combination to promote adequate shipboard AIS display design. SYSTEM LIMITATIONS For a shipboard AIS display to function adequately and provide necessary information to the mariner, the overall AIS and supporting infrastructure must also function reliably and accurately.
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From page 151... ...
International standards development efforts have inadequately considered such infrastructure issues and have not considered the impact of infrastructure issues on shipboard display of AIS information. In addition to infrastructure, it is important to consider shipboard oper ating environments that will shape shipboard display of AIS information, particularly in terms of The range of data that will be transmitted, especially the safety-related ele ments transmitted by shore stations to ships; The areas or routes used by vessels equipped with AIS displays; The work environment, tasks, and workload of the shipboard bridge watchstanders charged with the safety of navigation; The skill levels of shipboard personnel using the AIS displays and the training and qualifications required to use the displays effectively; The role technology should play, given prevailing and anticipated ship board workload and skill levels, in converting AIS data into useful and timely information (this factor incorporates consideration of the limits of current "off-the-shelf" display technology)
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From page 152... ...
Recommendation 6: USCG should work with stakeholders to develop appropriate training and certification guidelines for AIS users that will lead to effective use and an understanding of system functions and limitations. NEED FOR ONGOING RESEARCH ON HUMAN INTERFACES The development of AIS displays requires a full consideration of human interface attributes that affect what information to display, how to present it to the operator, how to integrate other displays or other bridge information systems, and how to give the operator what is most needed to perform crit ical tasks.
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From page 153... ...
In addition, AIS inter faces could consider multimodal approaches in order to adequately address competing attention demands. Aboard smaller vessels, AIS visual displays will need to balance the need to be large enough to convey the necessary AIS information and small enough to fit unobtrusively among other equipment.
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From page 154... ...
In addition, shore-based AIS information transmission should be directly linked to the identified mariner needs for that information. There is little commonality in bridge layouts, even for ves sels of the same class, and the lack of standardization affects potential ship board displays of AIS information.
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From page 155... ...
It should also incorporate usability tests and operational evaluations as complementary approaches to assess how well AIS displays and controls support mariner performance. SUMMARY The introduction of AIS technology with effective displays aboard vessels operating in U.S.
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From page 156... ...
These actions include preparing an implementation plan, establishing requirements for displays and their functions, including human factors in the display design process, addressing system limitations and shortfalls, developing training guidelines, establishing human perform ance standards, establishing a focused research program, and conducting operational tests and evaluations of display systems. USCG cannot ensure that this new technology will bring the promised benefits to all without the involvement and cooperation of all stakeholders, and without formal evaluation of such systems.
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