Shipboard Automatic Identification System Displays Meeting the Needs of Mariners -- Special Report 273 (2003) / Chapter Skim
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2 Variability in Operations
2 Variability in Operations
Pages 43-58
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From page 43... ...
TYPES OF VESSELS AND OPERATING PARAMETERS Since the onboard AIS display must function with the other components from which a mariner draws information, an understanding of the environ ment into which such displays must fit is critically important. The commit tee considered four types of vessels and their shipboard display impacts: SOLAS vessels -- large oceangoing vessels engaged in international trade that are governed by the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
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From page 44... ...
The vast majority of these vessels operating in the United States domestically that are likely to carry AIS units are shallow-draft tugboats, towing vessels, and passenger vessels of various sizes. This holds true even in the busiest ports.
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From page 45... ...
The larger tows with their accompanying larger and more pow erful towing vessels are found in an area of the U.S. inland waterways known as the Mississippi River System but historically designated as the "Western Rivers." Passenger vessels represent a huge variety of vessels, equipment, routes, and applications.
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From page 46... ...
Generally, these vessels fall into one of three categories: crew boats, offshore supply vessels, and utility vessels. Crew boats are fast and used primarily to transport offshore oil rig crews and light supplies to and from offshore rigs.
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From page 47... ...
Thus, the inclusion of public vessels into the overall AIS field of vision can only increase the utility and effectiveness of AIS for all users. AIS, when installed on military vessels, and particularly on the larger, newer, high-value military vessels, can be interfaced with electronic chart display information systems (ECDIS)
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From page 48... ...
The wheelhouses of inland towing vessels vary in size and configuration and may be as small as 50 square feet. Some of the wheel houses on larger river vessels may be several hundred square feet.
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From page 49... ...
Unlike the larger oceangoing vessels, many domestic vessels are not required to carry much of the equipment with which AIS would need to interface for proper operation. For small passenger vessels, the only naviga tion equipment required under U.S.
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From page 50... ...
. Thus, AIS carriage requirements for domestic, non-SOLAS vessels should consider the range of operating conditions, avail able space, and available electronic equipment likely to be encountered on different vessels.
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From page 51... ...
NEED FOR EFFECTIVE SHIPBOARD AIS DISPLAYS As an important source of navigational information, AIS displays should be tailored to facilitate operator use of the transmitted information in decision making. Several major areas of concern have been identified,1 two of which are discussed below.
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From page 52... ...
Another potential area of concern is the issue of "stand-alone presenta tion of information," which refers to the present-day situation in which mariners must draw and correlate data from a number of independent sources to develop information for decision making -- typically a combina tion of visual cues, one or more radars, paper and electronic charts (ECDIS or ECS) , conventional instruments such as compass, speed log, communi cations, machinery, instrumentation, and alarm panels.
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From page 53... ...
These problems may be exacerbated by the lack of instrumentation standards, particularly in the layout of controls for critical equipment such as radars, DGPS receivers, and the like. The literature dealing with marine accidents contains many exam ples of the casualties that result.3 Bridge layout standards have been developed by individual nations and classification societies,4 but those standards have yet to be applied on an international scale to new construction or retrofitted on existing ships.
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From page 54... ...
With respect to AIS, the shipboard operating environment is shaped by a number of factors, among which are6 The range of data that will be transmitted, particularly the safety-related elements transmitted by shore stations to ships; The areas or routes used by the vessels equipped with AIS displays; The work environment, tasks, and workload of the shipboard bridge watchstanders charged with the safety of navigation; 5Unlike aircraft, ships are usually constructed individually to a custom design. Marine licensing tends to be categorized by vessel tonnage, area of operation, and type of carriage, or some combination thereof.
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From page 55... ...
COST CONSIDERATIONS One of the realities affecting the imposition of AIS displays through a car riage requirement is cost, in terms of both the overall impact of the require ment on the national economy and the affordability of the requirement by the individual user.
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From page 56... ...
With respect to AIS unit cost, USCG is using $10,000 for both SOLAS and domestic instal lations through 2003. However, for 2007, the estimated AIS unit cost for SOLAS vessels is $8,000 to $10,000, and for non-SOLAS vessels it is $3,000.
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From page 57... ...
waters -- SOLAS vessels, coastal and inland vessels, offshore vessels, and public vessels- were reviewed. The overwhelming majority of SOLAS vessels that are sub ject to IMO carriage requirements are engaged in U.S.
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From page 58... ...
1997. Marine Accident Report: Grounding of the Panamanian Passenger Ship Royal Majesty on Rose and Crown Shoal near Nantucket, Massachusetts, June 10, 1995.
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