Reducing Underage Drinking A Collective Responsibility (2004) / Chapter Skim
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4 Developmental and Environmental Influences on Underage Drinking: A General Overview--Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher and Michael Biehl
4 Developmental and Environmental Influences on Underage Drinking: A General Overview--Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher and Michael Biehl
Pages 402-416
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From page 402... ...
Futhermore, it is illegal for anyone under age 21. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the developmental and environmental factors that have been implicated in normative underage alcohol use.1 In doing so, we apply a lifespan developmental systems approach (Baltes, 1987; Baltes, Reese, and Lipsitt, 1980; Lerner et al., 1994)
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From page 403... ...
Therefore, reducing risk behavior and promoting healthy pathways can only be accomplished through a fundamental understanding of the developmental and environmental factors that impinge on youths' lives. In this chapter, we do not attempt to review all of the literature concerning the multitude of factors involved in adolescent alcohol use.
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From page 404... ...
. Applied to underage drinking, it is expected that individuals who are more capable of social perspective taking will be more able to understand why underage alcohol use is not condoned and understand that not all people have the same views concerning alcohol use.
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From page 405... ...
For a discussion regarding alcohol-related decision making, see Jacobs, Chapter 5. Both lay and scientific circles often have hypothesized that adolescents are not concerned about their health, that they make poor judgments about risks, and that they believe they are invulnerable to harm, and because of these perceptions, they engage in risk behaviors (see, for example, Social Cognitive Theory [Bandura, 1994]
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From page 406... ...
. In addition, alcohol expectancy researchers have found that perceived benefits, in addition to perceived risks, are important predictors of drinking behavior (Christiansen, Goldman, and Inn, 1982; Christiansen, Roehling, Smith, and Goldman, 1989; Chen, Grube, and Madden, 1994; Goldberg et al., 2002; Grube, Chen, Madden, and Morgan, 1995; Jones, Corbin, and Fromme, 2001; Smith, Goldman, Greenbaum, and Christiansen, 1995; Wood, Nagoshi, and Dennis, 1992)
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. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON UNDERAGE ALCOHOL USE At the same time that youth are experiencing rapid physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and emotional changes, they are embedded within changing and multilayered contexts.
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. Typically, researchers have found that children raised in homes in which parents were warm, loving, and involved, supported their children's independence and valued their children's opinions, and also set limits and monitored their children's activities were more likely to exhibit positive developmental outcomes and less likely to exhibit risk behaviors than were children reared in less supportive homes.
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From page 409... ...
Parents also have a significant amount of influence on their children's actual choice of friends, helping them to gravitate toward peers with fewer risk behaviors. Several prevention efforts have attempted to alleviate the effects of peer influences on alcohol use.
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From page 410... ...
Such mixed messages are particularly confusing to youth who are trying to make sense of their changing body and world, and who are trying to understand and meet societal expectations. The extent to which alcohol consumption is considered to be the norm and is accepted within a given community contributes to variation in underage alcohol consumption.
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From page 411... ...
Despite college and university administration policies regarding underage drinking, the college environment continues to be a major time of alcohol use for youth. During college, underage youth can easily obtain alcohol from college mates older than age 21, and at times parents even supply college students with kegs of beer.
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From page 412... ...
. The relationship of social context of drinking, per ceived social norms, and parental influence to various drinking patterns of adolescents.
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. Parental monitoring: Association with adolescents' risk behaviors.
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. Neighbor hood and family factors predicting educational risk and attainment in African American and white children and adolescents.
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. Adolescent egocentrism and formal operations: Tests of a theoretical assumption.
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. Parental monitoring and peer influences on adolescent substance use.
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