Reducing Underage Drinking A Collective Responsibility (2004) / Chapter Skim
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7 Supply Side Approaches to Reducing Underage Drinking: An Assessment of the Scientific Evidence--Harold D. Holder
7 Supply Side Approaches to Reducing Underage Drinking: An Assessment of the Scientific Evidence--Harold D. Holder
Pages 458-489
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From page 458... ...
The extent to which the supply of alcoholic beverages, including its production, distribution, and retail sale, influence consumption and cause harm is especially relevant to public policy concerning preventing underage drinking, especially heavy drinking. At the simplest level, supply responds to demand.
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From page 459... ...
found that youth report relatively easy access to both alcohol and guns in their home. In fact, gun versus alcohol availability was relatively similar (29 percent versus 24 percent)
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At a minimum, this evidence should (1) provide substantial indication of effectiveness in reducing access and ideally youth drinking, and (2)
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From page 461... ...
Policies targeting drinking occasions attempt to prevent drinking in conjunction with risky activities or situations without necessarily reducing overall drinking in the population or among specific groups. Random breath testing, for example, is designed to reduce drinking and driving, but does not target specific groups nor is it intended to reduce overall alcohol consumption in the population.
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From page 462... ...
Underage drinking and purchase laws. The goal of a higher minimum legal drinking age is to reduce alcohol consumption among those under 21 years of age.
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Wagenaar and Toomey (2002) found 57 published studies that assessed the effects of changes in the legal minimum drinking age on indicators of drunk-driving and traffic crashes.
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From page 464... ...
It is clear, however, that the benefits of a higher drinking age are realized only if the law is enforced. Despite higher minimum drinking age laws, young people can and do purchase alcohol (e.g., Forster et al., 1994; Forster et al., 1995; Preusser and Williams, 1992; Grube, 1997)
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From page 465... ...
Use of false ID to obtain alcohol. Underage persons can obtain alcohol from retail sources using false age identification cards.
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From page 466... ...
. Compliance checks are efforts to test if underage persons can purchase alcohol from licensed alcohol outlets.
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did not find a significant relationship between consumption and the density of outlets in neighborhoods. One recent study has investigated the relationship of density of alcohol outlets with underage drinking and driving behavior as reported on two telephone surveys in California (Treno, Grube, and Martin, in press)
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From page 468... ...
found that the introduction of Sunday alcohol sales in Brisbane, Australia, was related to increased traffic crashes. However, these results are not unequivocal, as these effects could be contaminated by other trend effects on Sunday sales and nonequivalent distribution of crashes over days of the week (see Gruenewald, 1991)
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From page 469... ...
found that total alcohol consumption in Sweden was substantially higher when medium-strength beer could be purchased in grocery stores between 1965 and 1977, rather than only in state monopoly stores. Overall, the evidence is suggestive but not conclusive that making lower alcohol content beverages available can be an effective strategy.
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From page 470... ...
Underage persons themselves are breaking the law through this purchase, even if they do not consume the alcohol. Adults of legal purchase age are also breaking the law by purposefully purchasing alcohol for a young person.
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Keg registration is considered primarily as a tool for prosecuting adults who supply alcohol to young people at parties and even establishments that rent beer kegs to underage persons. Keg registration laws have become increasingly popular at the local level in the United States.
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Tort liability concerning drinking and alcohol sale/service establishes civil penalties, usually some form of a fine or liability for civil suit, to those who are found responsible for specific types of alcohol-involved harm, including providing alcohol to minors (see discussion by Sloan, Stout, Whetten-Goldstein, and Lliang, 2000)
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From page 473... ...
Retail alcohol outlets have long contended that drinkers who purchase alcohol from legal licensed establishments are responsible for the consequences of their own drinking. State legislatures and the courts under dram shop liability have established that providing alcohol to an obviously intoxicated person or in amounts that obviously lead to impairment can be grounds for a civil suit and possible damages.
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Usually this limit is set at the minimum that can be detected reliably by breath testing equipment (i.e., 0.01-0.02 blood alcohol level)
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In addition, alcohol retail outlets such as bars, restaurants, and pubs can be affected (sometimes threatened) by highly visible enforcement of their sales practices, but especially by extensive drink-drive enforcement such as random breath testing.
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states under prescribed circumstances often involving pre-notification about when and where they will be implemented. Even under these restricted circumstances there is some evidence that they reduce drinking and driving and related traffic crashes.
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. Administrative License Revocation Laws permitting the withdrawal of driving privileges without court action have been adopted by 38 states to prevent traffic crashes caused by unsafe driving practices, including driving with a blood alcohol level over the legal limit (Hingson et al., 1996)
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From page 478... ...
with alcohol outlets, citizen monitoring of outlets selling to youth, keg registration, alcohol-free events for youth, reducing hours of sale for alcohol, responsible beverage service training, and information programs for youth and adults (Wagenaar and Perry, 1994; Wagenaar, Gehan, Jones-Webb, Toomey, and Forster, 1999)
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From page 479... ...
However, no overall effect was found for drinking by high school-aged youth. A purchase attempt survey revealed that the interventions led to a 10 percent net increase in checking for age identification, and a 10 percent net reduction in merchants' alcohol sales to minors (Wagenaar et al., 2000a,b)
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From page 480... ...
. Available research has confirmed that no local policy to reduce youth drinking can be fully effective unless it is enforced adequately, and there is public awareness of both the policy and its enforcement efforts on the part of the intended targets.
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From page 481... ...
The potential of tort liability to reduce traffic crashes for persons under 21 is based on one national study. Random breath testing and sobriety checkpoints appear promising for reducing drinking and driving based on studies with the general population, although there is little available evidence for their effectiveness, specifically with young people and the potential to impact both social and retail supply.
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From page 482... ...
. Evaluation of the random breath testing initiative in Victoria 1989-1991.
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From page 483... ...
. An evaluation of the random breath testing initiative in Victoria 1989-1990: Quasi-experimental time series approach (Re port No.
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. Mandated server training and reduced alcohol involved traffic crashes: A time series analysis of the Oregon experience.
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From page 485... ...
. Effects of the increased minimum drinking age law on drinking and driving behavior among adolescents.
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. Effects of minimum drinking age laws on alcohol use, related behaviors and traffic crash involvement among American youth: 1976-1987.
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Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
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From page 488... ...
. Alcohol availability as a predictor of youth drinking and driving: A hierarchical analysis of survey and archival data.
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From page 489... ...
. Characteristics, policies and practices of alcohol outlets and sales to underage persons.
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