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Pages 195-209

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From page 195...
... , 4344, 108 disease models, 96 nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) , 22, 43 opioid drugs, 20, 22, 43, 103, 104, 106 perinatal studies, 102, 103, 104-106, 108 prolonged nonsurvival studies, 88-91 (passim)
From page 196...
... , 107-108 Anxiety, 21, 23 behavioral screening of genetically modified animals, 135- 136 housing of multiple species, 36-37 physical restraint, 48 Anxiolytics, 23, 43, 90, 135 INDEX Appetitive stimuli, 123-125, 130, 138 animal care and use concerns, 126-128 protocols, 126 reasons for, 125-126 terminology, 123-125 Aseptic techniques, 32, 37, 38, 44-45 implants and probes, 73, 76, 80-82, 92-93, 97 lesions, 87 neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79-80, 81-82 professional training, 31 prolonged nonsurvival studies, 76, 89, 9293 surgery, 37, 38, 40, 44-45, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79 Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC) , 9-10 Automated systems, see Computer applications and automated systems Aversive stimuli, 138- 139 animal care and use concerns, 52, 126128 food and fluid regulation, 52 neural injury and diseases, 100, 101 protocol development, 21, 28 reasons for, 125-126 sound, 117 terminology, 123-125 Awake, behaving animals see also Neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals; Physical restraints animal care and use concerns, 76 occupational health and safety concerns, 82 zoonoses, protocols, 29, 46, 85 B Behavior, vii, viii, 1 see also Awake behaving animals; Distress; terms beginning "Behavior...
From page 197...
... /veterinarians, 144 protocols, 144 Behavioral studies, 123-149 animal care and use concerns, 126-128 definitions, 123-125 distress, 126, 127 197 genetically modified animals, 63, 66, 67, 86 learning and memory, 125, 127, 128, 132, 135, 137 motivation, 125, 132, 139 pain, 126, 127-129 pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 109-110, 142 pilot studies, 149 regulatory concerns, 8-9 Behavioral tasks, 24 Barnes circular platform maze, 128, 136 food and fluid regulation, 50, 59, 139, 140 lesions, 98 mazes, 74, 118, 121, 128, 134, 135, 136 motivation, 9, 49, 50, 51, 55, 57, 59, 60, 119, 127, 128, 131 neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 74, 76, 128, 137, 138, 139 restraints, 74, 76 Behavioral training, 30 see also Exercise awake, behaving animals, 74, 75, 76 fluid regulation, 50, 51, 57, 59, 60, 118119 food regulation, 50, 51, 53, 60, 78, 118119 motivation, 59, 110, 121; see also Appetitive stimuli; Aversive stimuli neurophysiologic recording, 74, 75, 76, 77-78, 137-140 pain avoidance, 22, 123-125 pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 110 physical restraint, 48, 77-78 Best practices, 1, 3, 23 Birds, 8 Body weight addictive drugs, 115 fluid regulation, 56, 57 food regulation, 51, 52, 53, 55, 60-61 genetically modified animals, 66, 68 humane endpoints, 24 neurophysiologic recordings, 139- 140 pain and, 20, 101 pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 110, 115 presurgery, 41 unexpected outcomes, monitoring, 33, 34
From page 198...
... , 32 regulatory oversight, 10, 16- 18 sleep deprivation, 20, 109, 120-122 euthanasia, 26 pain indicators, 17 socialization, 144 Drugs, see Addictive agents; Pharmacological agents EEducation, see Professional training Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs, 30 Environmental deprivation/stimulation, 120, 147-148 Essentials for Animal Research: A Primer for Research Personnel, 30
From page 199...
... , 107-108 euthanasia, 102, 108 monitoring, 104, 106-107 pain perception, 103 protocols, 105, 107-108 surgery, 105, 107-108 Fluid regulation, 4, 23, 31, 35, 49-51, 54-61 ad libitum consumption, 55-56, 57, 59 assessing hydration, 54, 55, 58, 59-61 199 aversive stimuli, 52 behavior, 50, 51, 57 behavioral pain indicators, 17, 20 behavioral tasks, 50, 59, 139, 140 behavioral training, 50, 51, 57, 59, 60, 118-119 body weight, 56, 57 circadian rhythm, 57 designing, 56-57 disease models, 95 exercise, 55 food consumption and, 58 inspection of institutions, 60, 118 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) , 56, 58, 60 minimum fluid requirements, 55-56 monitoring, 51, 60-61, 139- 140 as motivation, 50, 51, 60 pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 110, 113 physiologic indicators, 54-55, 57, 58 preoperative preparation, 41 protocols, 23, 50, 58 restricted access, 139- 140 species/strain differences, 56, 57-58 Food and Drug Administration, 8 Food regulation, 49-54, 117-118 see also Modifying dietary nutrients ad libitum feeding, 51, 52, 53 APHIS/AC Policies, 52 assessing adequacy of nutrition, 51, 5253, 59-61 behavior, 50, 51, 53 behavioral tasks, 50, 59, 139, 140 behavioral training, 50, 51, 53, 60, 78 body weight, 51, 52, 53, 55, 60-61 circadian rhythm, 53, 54, 57-58 designing, 53 lesions, 99 meal feeding, 53 minimum caloric requirements, 51, 52-53, 117-118 as motivation, 50 pain indicators, 17, 20, 52 pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 110, 113 physiologic signs, 52, 117-118 postoperative recovery, 35 preoperative preparation, 41 protocols, 50, 51, 118
From page 200...
... anatomic studies, 71-72 behavioral studies, 126 euthanasia, 26 fetal studies, 107-108 food regulation, 51 housing of multiple species, 36-37 husbandry, 36 monitoring responsibilities, 35, 36 neonatal studies, 107 neurophysiologic recording, 76, 78 INDEX pain and distress, 17, 18, 88-89 physical restraint, 46, 76 pilot studies, 14 prolonged nonsurvival studies, 88-89, 90, 92 protocols, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 39, 107-108 sample size, 15 surgical procedures, 37-38, 39, 44, 45, 7172, 107-108 Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules, 87 H Health Research Extension Act (HREA) , 8 Historical perspectives, vii-viii .
From page 201...
... anatomic studies, 71-72, 73 appetitive and aversive stimuli, 126, 127, 128-129 201 behavioral screening, 128, 129, 132, 136 behavioral stressors, 144, 149 colonies, estimating animal numbers needed, 182 depression models, 141 dietary nutrients, modification, 118 exercise, 119 euthanasia, 26, 28 disease models, 35 fetal surgery, 108 fluid regulation, 56, 58, 60 food regulation, 51, 60 genetically modified animals, 64, 67 housing of multiple species, 37 humane endpoints, 25, 26, 118, 119 husbandry and nursing care, 35, 36 monitoring unexpected consequences, 32 lesions, 128 neonatal studies, 106 neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 79, 82 oversight agencies and bodies, 7, 8, 9 pain and distress, 17, 67, 100-101, 105; see also "appetitive and aversive..." supra perinatal studies, 104-106 prolonged nonsurvival studies, 89, 92, 93 physical restraint, 47, 49 pilot studies, 14 professional training, 30, 31 protocols, 12, 13, 14, 17, 25, 26, 64, 101, 120 surgery, 37-45 (passim) , 108 Institutional Animal Care and Use Guide Book, 17 Institutional officials, 14 Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, 8 Interagency Research Animal Committee, 9 Interdisciplinary teams, see Multi-disciplinary teams International Association for the Study of Pain, 16 Internet regulatory policies, 7, 8, 9 Invasiveness of procedures see also Imaging studies; Implants and probes; Surgery anatomic studies, 71-72 distress assessment, 21, 22 regulatory oversight, 11
From page 202...
... humane endpoints, 25, 67 number of animals required to develop inducted mutant, 187- 190 INDEX physical restraint, 47 social disruption, 145 transgenic, vii, 62, 134-135 zoonoses, 29 Modified surgical settings, 39, 72, 76, 78, 79 Modifying dietary nutrients, see Food regulation Monitoring of animals, 4 behavior, 23-24, 31, 89, 91, 97-98, 99 behavioral studies, 128-129, 136 body weight, 33, 34 disease models, 94-95, 96 distress, 21-22, 34 exercise, 119 expected and unexpected consequences, 23, 25, 26, 31-34, 66, 87 feces and urine, 21-22, 139, 140 fetal anesthesia, 104, 106-107 food and fluid regulation, 51, 60-61, 139140 genetically modified animals, 66-68 housing, 33, 35 imaging studies, 84-85 implants, 40 lesions, 32, 98-99 neonatal studies, maternal neglect, 107 neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 73-82 (passim) , 126, 137-149 pain, 17, 18, 30-31, 34, 101 personnel training, 30-31 pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, 113, 115 physical restraint, 47 pilot studies, 14 postoperative, 35-36, 38, 41, 45-46, 72, 106-107 prolonged nonsurvival studies, 89, 90-92, 93 protocols, 13, 14, 18, 21, 32 recordkeeping, 7, 8, 13, 14, 31, 32-33, 34 euthanasia, 26 exercise, 119 food/fluid regulation, 60 genetically modified animals, 66, 67 neurophysiologic recording, 74-79 (passim)
From page 203...
... , 8 Organ preparation, as alternative to live animals, 11 p Pain, 41 see also Analgesia; Anesthesia; Aversive stimuli; Behavioral stressors; Distress; Euthanasia acceptable levels, 16- 17, 18 aggression, 16, 17, 125, 174 animal models, 99-101 assessing pain, 17, 18-21, 24, 99-101 behavioral screening of genetically modified animals, 134 behavioral signs, 16, 17, 18, 19-20, 22, 43, 89, 99-100, 101, 102-103 behavioral studies, 126, 127-129 behavioral training, 22, 123-125 body weight, 20, 101 chronic or persistent, 20, 26-27 decapitation, 27-28 definition, 3, 16, 18 disease models, 15- 16, 94 ethical issues, 100-101 fluid regulation, 17, 20 food regulation, 17, 20, 52 genetically modified animals, 15-16, 6768 Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide) , 17, 18, 88-89 humane endpoints, 23-26 hypothermia, 23, 25, 27, 141
From page 204...
... , 104-106 pain perception, 99- 101, 102- 104 surgery, postoperative monitoring, cannibalism, and neglect, 106, 107 Pharmacological/toxicological studies, 109114 see also Behavioral screening of pharmacology/toxicology studies, 129-132 addictive agents, 109, 114- 116, 124 aggression, 146 behavior, 109-110, 114, 115 INDEX behavioral studies, 109-110, 142 behavioral training, 110 body weight, 110, 115 cannula, 110, 112, 113 chronic drug exposure, 109, 113-116 depression, 140, 141 dose considerations, 22, 111, 113, 114115 drug administration routes, 112-113, 114 drug-self administration vehicles, 77, 111, 113 fluid/food regulation, 110, 113 food regulation, 110, 113 housing, 110 inhalation, 112-113 implantable pumps, 112 injection, 112, 124 monitoring, 113, 115 occupational health and safety concerns, 116 oral administration, 112, 113 neonatal studies, 103-104 pain and distress, regulatory oversight, 17, 129-131 physical dependence and withdrawal, 114, 115-116 protocols, 113, 115, 118 species/strain differences, 114-115 unexpected consequences, 32 vehicles, 77, 111-112, 114 Physical agents, 116-117 heat, 109, 115, 116-117, 134, 141 light, 50, 53, 109, 116, 117, 135 sound, 36, 109, 116, 117, 123, 136 Physical exercise, see Exercise Physical restraints, see Restraints Physiological indicators, 4 see also Neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals distress, 21-22 euthanasia, 28 fluid regulation, 54-55, 57, 58 food regulation, 52, 117 - 118 imaging studies, 84-85 lesions, 98-99 pain, 18, 24, 43 physical restraint, distress, 47, 48 postsurgery, 45-46 prolonged nonsurvival studies, 88, 89, 9091, 92
From page 205...
... behavioral stressors, 144 depression, 141 disease models, 94 distress, 13, 15-28 (passim) , 32 euthanasia, 22, 26-28 fetal studies, 105, 107-108 fluid regulation, 23, 50, 58 food regulation, 50, 51, 118 genetically modified animals, 15-16, 6467 Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide)
From page 206...
... Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Use in Testing, Research, and Training (US Government Principles) agencies/oversight bodies involved, 7- 10 analgesics and anesthesia, 11, 17, 43-44 behavioral screening of pharmacology/ toxicology studies, 129- 131 behavioral studies, 8-9 behavioral training, 30 distress, 10, 16-18 fetal surgery, 107-108 funding of studies, 8 Internet sites, 7, 8, 9 occupational health and safety, 14 outcome assessment, animal welfare, 9 pain and distress, 10, 16-18 professional training in, 8-9 sample size, 10 sedatives, 11, 17 pain indicators, 17 physical restraint, 46 surgery, 41 behavioral screening, 130, 131, 132 euthanasia, decapitation, 27 fluid regulation, 56, 57 food regulation, 52, 53-54 genetically modified animals, 62 lesions, 97 pain assessment, 18, 100, 103 physical restraint, 54 regulations concerning, 8 sleep deprivation, 121 zoonoses, 29 surgical procedures, 37, 40 veterinarians, 7, 9, 13, 33 Restraints, 46-49 anxiety, 48 behavioral tasks, 74, 76 chairing, 49, 74, 76, 77-78 conditioning animals to, 48 consequences of, 48-49 distress, 46-49 (passim)
From page 207...
... , 108 lesions, 97 major vs minor, 37, 38, 39-40 medical records modified surgical setting/modified laboratory setting, 39, 72, 76, 78, 79 monitoring, 35-36, 38, 41, 45-46, 72, 106107 multiple major survival surgeries, 32, 4041, 76, 78-79, 97 neonatal studies, 106 neurophysiologic recording, 73-82 performance standards, 38-39, 79 planning for survival procedures, 41-42 postsurgical recovery, 35-36, 38, 41, 4546, 72, 106-107 preemptive analgesia, 42, 43, 89 principle investigator (PI) , 37, 38 professional training, 30 prolonged nonsurvival studies, 3, 4, 75, 76, 88-93
From page 208...
... , 24, 26 anesthetics and analgesics, 444 appetitive and aversive stimuli, 126 behavioral assessment of animal health, 23-24 behavioral stressors, 144 disease models, 94, 95, 96 euthanasia, 26, 28 fetal surgery, 108 fluid regulation, 56, 58, 139 food restriction, 139 housing of multiple species, 37 husbandry and nursing care, 34 humane endpoints, 26 monitoring, 32-33, 34, 79 neurophysiologic recording in awake, behaving animals, 79, 81, 82 pain and distress management, 23-24 pilot studies, 14 professional training, 31 prolonged nonsurvival studies, 91, 92, 93 protocols, 12, 13, 14-15, 23, 26 regulatory controls, 7, 9, 13, 33 surgical procedures, 37-45 (passim) Vocalizations, 19, 33 anesthesia, 106 genetically modified animals, 66 social disruption, 144
From page 209...
... INDEX W Water consumption and regulation, see Fluid regulation Weight, see Body weight World Wide Web, see Internet 209 z Zoonoses imaging studies, 85 occupational exposures, 29, 46, 82, 95 physical restraint, 46 transportation of animals, public health, 41-42


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