International Perspectives The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources: Proceedings of the Workshop Held April 17-19, 2002 (2003) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Session 1: Conservation and Supply, Part 1
Session 1: Conservation and Supply, Part 1
Pages 11-60
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 11... ...
Session ~ Conservation and Supply, Part ~
|
From page 13... ...
is a nonprofit institute that was established by the Kenyan government in 1960 to conduct biomedical and conservation research using the East African nonhuman primates. IPR is a designated World Health Organization (WHO)
|
From page 14... ...
9. Development of effective strategies for conservation of endangered nonhuman primates (monkeys)
|
From page 15... ...
In recognition of the need to conserve these two primate species and their unique habitat, the Kenyan Government gazetted 171 km2 in 1976 and established the Tana River Primate Reserve (TRPNR)
|
From page 16... ...
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Baboons occur in most parts of South Africa and across the entire country, with the exception of the driest areas, and they can be found near major centers such as Cape Town. Vervet monkeys are much less widespread than baboons and are mainly confined to the eastern parts of South Africa, with pockets in a few other locations.
|
From page 17... ...
USE OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH IN SOUTH AFRICA OVER THE LAST 3 YEARS Although baboons are used mainly, both baboons and vervets are utilized in all research fields requiring primate models. Of the few primates used in biomedical research, approximately 210 baboons and 120 vervet monkeys have been utilized annually in 17 facilities nationwide.
|
From page 18... ...
There are no national or regional centers, and the largest South Africa facility maintains 250 to 300 vervet monkeys, with the capacity to produce 100/annum. This facility has the infrastructure for long-term maintenance and has been breeding vervet monkeys for about 25 years, which has progressed to the second and third generation.
|
From page 19... ...
· Most research centers have no facilities for long-term maintenance and breeding of nonhuman primates, although the potential to establish such centers exists. · South Africa has not been exporting NHPs with the possible exception of some sporadic transfers of small numbers.
|
From page 20... ...
Along with these government policies, the Primate Research Center at Bogor Agricultural University, in Bogor, Indonesia, in collaborations with several national and international institutions (e.g., Washington National Primate Research Center) has established two breeding facilities in Indonesia.
|
From page 21... ...
This species is endangered Primate Research Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 21
|
From page 22... ...
Demographic studies suggest that rhesus monkeys in India are increasing (Imam and Yahya 2001; Sally Walker, Zoo's Outreach Organization, personal communication, Chennai, India, 2002~. The increase is obvious from the fact that in several cities in North India, they have become a menace, threatening children and the elderly and snatching food.
|
From page 23... ...
With loss of natural habitat, they must compete for the limited habitat and food, unlike rhesus and bonnets, which have adapted to life in human settlements. Of the three species of monkeys that have been used for biomedical research in India, a large breeding colony of rhesus was maintained at the Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, in 1980, where animals were used for studies on reproductive biology and toxicology.
|
From page 24... ...
The largest colony of bonnets is at the Primate Research Laboratory at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. When financial support was maximal, more than 500 animals (both wild caught and colony born)
|
From page 25... ...
In view of these rates, an annual quota of 5000 for bonnets and 2000 for rhesus in South India, and definitely a much higher number for rhesus in North India, can be considered safe for trapping from the wild. However, government restrictions do not permit captures from the wild, and legal regulations stipulate that NHPs procured from government-recognized breeding centers can be used only for biomedical research.
|
From page 26... ...
Under the circumstances, the only way for making the NHPs available for research is to permit their initial capture from the wild, both for research and for starting breeding centers at selected national primate centers. In time, the numbers caught from the wild can be reduced as sufficient numbers from the captive breeding become available.
|
From page 27... ...
Mohnot, Primate Research
|
From page 28... ...
Report on the Census Surveys of Rural and Urban Populations of Nonhuman Primates of South India, 1981. Man and Biosphere Programme, Project No.
|
From page 29... ...
It also consists of a primate study group headed by the author and working for the conservation and management of wild populations of nonhuman primates in Nepal. Beginning in 1997, NAHSON and the Washington National Primate Research Center at the University of Washington (WaNPRC)
|
From page 30... ...
The third primate species, the Assamese monkey (Macaca assamensis) , is reported to range from the midhills to the high-mountain forests of Nepal (Chalice 1999, 2000; lackson 1990~.
|
From page 31... ...
To establish breeding facilities in Nepal to provide rhesus macaque progeny (M. mulatto)
|
From page 32... ...
Mukesh Kumar Chalise, Head of the Primatology Program in Nepal-NAHSON. PRIMATE RESOURCES A breeding colony of rhesus macaques (M.
|
From page 33... ...
TRAINING Educational and training opportunities in primatology will be made available to faculty, students, and staff from the NAHSON, the WaNPRC, and other collaborating Nepalese institutions as funds allow. Special emphasis will be given to funding support for Nepali students and researchers to participate in continuing education and scientist exchanges at the University of Washington.
|
From page 34... ...
Natural History Society of Nepal, NAHSON Bull 34:26-28. Chalise M.K.
|
From page 35... ...
A glimpse of crop raiding by rhesus monkeys in Bandipokhara, Palpa, Nepal. Natural History Society of Nepal, NAHSON, Bull 10-11:12-13.
|
From page 36... ...
is endemic to China and in Southwest and Middle China, southern parts of Gansu, and Shaanxi, Guangxi, Fujian, and Zhejiang; and the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) has the widest distribution in China and is mostly in the areas to the south of Yellow River but mainly in the southern part of China.
|
From page 37... ...
The main threats to primates are loss of habitat, habitat fragmentation, human-caused mortality, lack of knowledge about population numbers and status on which to base sound management decisions, and lack of management to limit mortality to sustainable levels and to conserve necessary habitat. Almost all primate species in China inhabit forests or areas with forests (especially natural forests)
|
From page 38... ...
Common Name Scientific Name 38 TABLE 1 Wild Primates in China INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES Estimatec Distribution 1980Sa Slow lords Intermediate slow lords Lesser slow lords Stumptail macaque Assamese macaque Rhesus macaque Pigtail macaque Tibetan macaque Hanuman langur Francois's leaf monkey Phayre's leaf monkey Capped leaf monkey Black snub-nosed monkey Gray snub-nosed monkey Chinese snub-nosed monkey Black gibbon Hoolock gibbon White-handed gibbon White-cheeked gibbon Nycticebus coucang Nycticebus intermedium Nycticebus pygmaeus Macaca arctoides Macaca assamensis Macaca mulatto Macaca nemestrina Macaca thibetana Presbytis entellus Presbytis francoisi Trachypithecus phayrei Trachypithecus pileatus Pygathrix bieti Pygathrix brelichi Pygathrix roxellana Hylobates concolor Hylobates hoolock Hylobates lar Hylobates leucogenys West, Southwest, and South Yunnan, Southwest Guangxi South Yunnan South Yunnan Yunnan, South Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Guangxi, and Guangdong Southeast and South Tibet, South and Northwest Yunnan, South Guangxi Most areas south of Yellow River Southwest and South Yunnan Sichuan, Chongqing, and surrounding areas of Middle and South China South Tibet Southwest and West Guangxi, Northeast and Southwest Guizhou, Southeast Yunnan South Yunnan Northwest Yunnan Northwest Yunnan, Southwest Tibet Fanjing Mount. of Guizhou South Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi; West Hubei South Yunnan, Southwest Guangxi, Hainan Island West Yunnan South Yunnan South Yunnan 1500-200( 300-500 70,000-9C 8000-lO,C 260,000 soo-l,ooa 100,000 ?
|
From page 39... ...
CONSERVATION AND SUPPLY, PART 1 39 Estimated Number Red Data BookC Protected Class 1980Sa 1998sb Chinac IUCN~ China CITES 1 South 1500-2000 E I II ~uangx1 500 E I II 300-500 rare E VU I II ~, Hunan, 70,000-90,000 70,000 V VU II II angx~, Tibet, 8000-10,000 8000 V VU I II t Yunnan {ellow River 260,000 200,000 V LR/nt II II . Yunnan 900-1,000 900 E VU I II and 100,000 ?
|
From page 40... ...
The main threats to them are forest destruction and illegal hunting. The main primate species used for biomedical research in China are the crab-eating and rhesus macaques.
|
From page 41... ...
In China, the export increase has brought about a great advance in PCBFs, which have successfully collaborated in management, exportation, and captive breeding. Eight PCBFs of Guangxi are managed as one group by the Guangxi Laboratorial Primate Research Center, with 4161 rhesus macaque individuals and 29,687 crab-eating macaques in captivity.
|
From page 42... ...
Ltd. 2619/2418 138/135 Laboratorial Animal Center of Chinese Academy of Military Medical 1844/520 135/30 Sciences Shanghai 690/48 195/24 Shanghai Physiological Institute of Chinese Academy of Science 520/0 145/0 Shanghai Jinshan District Agricultural Sideline Company 170/0 50/0 Shanghai National Research Center for Safety Evaluation on New 0/48 0/24 Medicines Yunnan Province 4809/7346 356/628 Yunnan National Laboratorial Primate Center 3040/7200 211/607 Kunming Zoological Institute of Chinese Academy of Science 751/123 68/12 Primate Center of Biomedical Institute of Chinese Academy of Medical 1018/23 Sciences 77/9 Guangxi Province 4161/29687 313/1837 Guangxi Laboratorial Primate Research Center 492/2978 43/129 Pingnan Xiongsen Laboratorial Primate Breeding and Development 2860/8129 200/550 Co.
|
From page 43... ...
CONSERVATION AND SUPPLY, PART 1 icularis) 43 Breeding Group Individuals Export Number (Year)
|
From page 44... ...
1998. China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals: Mammalia.
|
From page 45... ...
CONSERVATION AND SUPPLY, PART 1 45 Breeding Group Individuals Export Number (Year) Weighing Annual alb Male Female 2-5 kg Birthb 2001 2000 1999 1560 7/109 50/610 58/725 30/485 0/0 0/0 0/0 310/0 400/0 216/0 102/0 0/0 0/0 0/O /o 310/0 400/0 216/0 102/0 0/0 0/0 0/O 5/0 100/0 700/0 480/0 550/0 60/0 0/0 0/0 5/0 100/0 700/0 480/0 550/0 60/0 0/0 0/0 35/0 253/0 346/0 200/0 0/0 0/0 0/O /o 35/0 253/0 346/0 200/0 0/0 0/0 0/O at counted.
|
From page 46... ...
They proliferated quickly because they had no natural predators apart from humans, and the wild population is now estimated to be between 40,000 and 60,000. Native forests in Mauritius have been greatly affected by the activities of the cynos.
|
From page 47... ...
BCM is an ISO certified company that, together with its Joint Ventures, has a workforce of more than 200 people including the following five categories: eight veterinary staff, 16 animal technicians, 25 animal handlers, 70 animal caretakers, and six technical staff. The regulatory bodies in Mauritius that control this industry are the · Ministry of Agriculture; · Government Veterinary Services; · National Parks and Conservation Unit (CITES)
|
From page 48... ...
48 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES before being transferred to BCM's quarantine site for export or for further testing before being placed in breeding colonies. BCM's company policy is to grow at a rate of between 5 and 10% yearly, with a percentage of this growth in F2 production.
|
From page 49... ...
Rapid assessment of safety and immunogenicity of new vaccines. That there is not the expected demand for such studies reflects several factors: Primate studies are perceived as being very expensive, and this is Behavioral Sciences Foundation, St.
|
From page 50... ...
Hypertension occurs in C aethiops and lagothrix and rarely in other nonhuman primates.
|
From page 51... ...
With 30 years of experience in establishing practical husbandry and breeding programs for 1000 to 1500 animals in addition to an ongoing research and training program with emphasis on developmental biology, the establishment of normative databases, and quantitative measures of behavior change, we can complement the abundant supply of animals with professional screening selection and advice as to handling.
|
From page 52... ...
3. Relatively small and temperamentally tractable, unlike rhesus (e.g., adult male maximum weight = 7 kg)
|
From page 53... ...
It is signatory to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) agreement and other relevant international agreements pursuant to such concerns as animal health and transportation.
|
From page 54... ...
Mwenda Institute of Primate Research, Kenya A Jagannaha Rao Indian Institute of Science, India furgen Seier Medical Research Council, South Africa Mary Ann Stanley Bioculture Mauritius Ltd., Mauritius QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS DR.
|
From page 55... ...
One major difference is between the existences of a wild population versus the use of captive breeding, which I do not think are complementary. They are not mutually exclusive.
|
From page 56... ...
DR. CHALISE (Mukesh Kumar Chalise, Natural History Society of Nepal)
|
From page 57... ...
Their most lucrative routes are to Europe, where they do not wish to be targeted by animal rights people, and political people, by transferring primates. I do know and have copies of communication from UK animal rights people to South African Airways in which they were asked to state whether they are in principle willing to or currently transporting primates for biomedical research.
|
From page 58... ...
MR. BAULU (lean Baulu, Barbados Primate Research Center and Wildlife Reserve)
|
From page 59... ...
It is always very frustrating for us that although animal rights people, specifically from the UK, claim to be conservationists and say, "ban the use of monkeys, ban the export of monkeys from Mauritius"; yet this quarter of a million dollars a year is simply fundamental to conservation in Mauritius. Clearly there is no other equivalent source of funds available.
|
From page 60... ...
Lyons, California National Primate Research Center) : I think Dr.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.