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Session 5: Microbiology
Pages 141-178

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From page 141...
... Session 5 Microbiology
From page 143...
... SIV does not appear to cause disease in its natural hosts, but it may cause an immunodeficiency disease similar to AIDS in Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 143
From page 144...
... There are numerous adenovirus serotypes endemic in nonhuman primate colonies. Adenoviruses are common opportunistic infections.
From page 145...
... S pneumoniae is commonly carried in the nasal sinuses of many nonhuman primate species.
From page 146...
... These common fungi are endemic in most primate colonies and frequently cause opportunistic infections in immunodeficient animals. Chronic Colitis Syndrome.
From page 147...
... Housing Monkeys in breeding colonies are usually group housed, often outdoors, which makes the control of infectious diseases very difficult. Many primate facilities do not have an adequate number of small enclosures for separating smaller groups of monkeys that carry or do not carry particular agents.
From page 148...
... Additional funding to support research into the pathogenesis, epidemiology, treatment, and control of common infectious diseases of nonhuman primates would be very useful. Providing funds for adequate disease surveillance in breeding colonies (necropsy, serology, virology, bacteriology)
From page 149...
... describe microbiological and transportation issues related to the importation and quarantine of NHPs in the United States. CDC NHP IMPORT AND QUARANTINE REQUIREMENTS To prevent the introduction and spread of communicable diseases capable of causing serious outbreaks in humans (particularly monkeypod, yellow fever, Marburg/Ebola disease, and tuberculosis)
From page 150...
... Investigates reports of zoonotic illness. CDC NHP IMPORT QUARANTINE PROGRAM ACTIVITIES FOR FY01 In FYO1, 28 facilities were registered with CDC as importers of NHPs.
From page 151...
... CDC FY93 NHP import data for three major NHP species (cynomolgus, rhesus, and African green monkeys) were inserted into the charts in an effort to ap
From page 152...
... Importers are required to monitor imported NHPs for these and other zoonotic diseases and to report suspected cases among animals or workers. Importers of cynomolgus, rhesus, and African green monkeys are required to perform laboratory tests for filovirus antigen on animals that die during quarantine.
From page 153...
... TRANSPORTATION ISSUES RELATED TO THE IMPORTATION OF NHPs INTO THE UNITED STATES A major transportation issue related to the importation and quarantine of NHPs in the United States is the limited number of international airlines that will transport NHPs to the United States. Before 1990, NHPs were transported to the United States on numerous international airlines; however, since 1990, the number of international airlines that will carry NHP to the United States has been declining.
From page 154...
... The USFWS maintains official NHP import data, which show that total US NHP imports were fewer in the 1990s than in the 1980s, although an upward trend appears to have emerged since 1998. CDC places microbiological emphasis on preventing zoonotic disease capable of causing serious outbreaks in humans.
From page 155...
... MICROBIOLOGY 155 CDC, National Center for Infectious Disease, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Field Operations Branch, program files, March 14, 2002. Foreign Quarantine Regulations, 42 CFR Part 71.53, January 1985.
From page 156...
... , lymphocyte stimulation tests, and erythrocyte sedimentation rates; and other reports conclude that they are of no value. The same confusing picture exists regarding the predictive value of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
From page 157...
... Animals were monitored daily for behavior, appetite, and general health; and any clinical signs such as coughing were noted. Intradermal tuberculin testing was conducted every 2 weeks using mammalian old tuberculin (MOT)
From page 158...
... Radiographic evidence of pulmonary disease preceded most clinical signs, and lesion severity progressed with time. All vervets had radiographic evidence of pulmonary consolidation by 6 weeks PI and all rhesus by 3 months PI.
From page 159...
... The ELISA and lymphocyte proliferation assay may hold promise as adjunct diagnostic methods for tuberculoSiS. Finally, it is clear that no single diagnostic test is absolutely predictive of TB in these Old World nonhuman primates.
From page 160...
... type or animals free of additional inNew England National Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 160
From page 161...
... The limited availability of such animals is an impediment to the continued progress and success of animal model-based AIDS-related research. NEW ENGLAND NATIONAL PRIMATE RESEARCH CENTER SPF COLONY A rhesus macaque breeding colony free of the specific pathogens B virus (BV)
From page 162...
... negative Positive Confirmational testing at Reference Lab /* l positive negative / Remove animal and contacts to conventional colony Establish breeding harems at 3 - 3.5 years of age
From page 163...
... During the 1970s and 1980s, investigation of spontaneously occurring immunodeficiency in colony macaques housed at several National Primate Research Centers revealed that these animals had become infected with SIV (Lowenstine and others 1992; Mansfield and others 1995~. Presumably, infection had resulted from cross-species transmission between captive animals.
From page 164...
... Even though it is a rare occurrence, with fewer than 40 fatal cases described in literature since 1932, many facilities will not accept B virus antibody-positive animals for reasons of biosafety (Holmes and others 1995~. Of the four target viruses, B virus has been the most problematic to eliminate from SPF colonies (Weigler and others 1990)
From page 165...
... All positive tests should be verified by Western blot at a reference laboratory because the test used in this setting may lack specificity. OTHER POTENTIAL SPF TARGET AGENTS In addition to these four SPF target viruses, nonhuman primates may be infected with a variety of other viral bacterial and parasitic agents (Ward and Hilliard 1994~.
From page 166...
... Bieneusi-free animals may be required for specific research protocols; zoonotic potential VIRAL TESTING A test-and-remove strategy based on detection of viral-specific antibodies is the foundation for establishing colonies free of target agents. Often screening and confirmational tests are utilized.
From page 167...
... · Absorbance read at 410 nm with Dynatech ELISA reader aAP, alkaline phosphatase; BSA, bovine serum albumin; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; NENPRC, New England National Primate Research Center; PBS, phosphatebuffered saline.
From page 168...
... HOUSING STRATEGIES Housing strategy is an important component of SPF colony management and may directly affect program success. A variety of strategies have been used to house SPF breeding colonies including time mating,
From page 169...
... A single break in SPF status puts all contact animals at risk. When this occurs in breeding harems, potential contacts have been limited to the 8 to 10 animals housed together.
From page 170...
... Strict separation of SPF colony animals from conventional colony animals, indigenous primates, and other wild or feral populations must also be maintained. Indigenous primates may represent a potential exogenous source of the SPF target agents.
From page 171...
... A peptide ELISA for antibody testing has also been developed utilizing two peptides representing the carboxyterminal domains of the rhesus LCV VCApl8 (Wang 2001~. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS · Consider minimum SPF target viruses: B virus, SIV, STLV, and SRV-D.
From page 172...
... There are advantages and disadvantages to the various possible SPF breeding configurations. Breeding harems provide the best opportunity at pathogen containment early in SPF colony development.
From page 173...
... 1995. Origins of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques at the New England Regional Primate Research Center.
From page 174...
... Baskin Tulane National Primate Research Center, USA Tom DeMarcus CDC/National Center for Infectious Diseases, USA Sherri L Motzel Merck Research Laboratories, USA Keith Mansfield New England National Primate Research Center, USA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PARTICIPANT A: Dr.
From page 175...
... DR. MANSFIELD (Keith Mansfield, New England National Primate Research Center)
From page 176...
... DR. MANSFIELD: We do all our confirmational testing at the National Retrovirus Laboratory, and we do have occasional animals that are in the SPF colony that show indeterminate tests on Western blots.
From page 177...
... Roberts, University of California Davis) : I can respond to that question because we have a base grant SPF colony and a colony supported through the grant mechanism, and our base grant colony does include Chinese SPF animals in our stock.
From page 178...
... DR. BASKIN (Gary Baskin, Tulane National Primate Research Center)


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