International Perspectives The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources: Proceedings of the Workshop Held April 17-19, 2002 (2003) / Chapter Skim
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Session 6: Transportation
Session 6: Transportation
Pages 179-206
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Session 6 Transportation 179
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B Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals 1 Guide Standards a Minimize transit time b Minimize risk of zoonoses c Protect against environmental extremes d Avoid overcrowding e Provide food and water f Protect against physical trauma V Transportation A "In most cases in the United States, nonhuman primates are transported in motor vehicles with self-contained climate control units Office for Laboratory Animal Welfare, NIH, Bethesda, MD 181
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and the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) ." "The International Air Transport Association (IATA)
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A provision providing for the humane transport of "animals" was not added until a 1976 amendment. In the AWA, a nonhuman primate is defined as an "animal" for purposes of the AWA when it is being used, or intended for use, for research, teaching, testing, experimentation, or exhibition purposes, or the breeding of, or the selling of, as a pet.
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The full text of these standards, which appears in the document, is beyond the scope of this volume. Many of the major worldwide air carriers are members of the International Air Transport Association (IATA)
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; · Permit from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) (US Fish and Wildlife Service)
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· Pressure from animal welfare/rights organizations. Although USDA/Animal Care presently regulates international transportation, plans are to begin full regulation of all international carriers of animals while on United States soil.
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lust as the Animal Welfare Act, administered by the US Department of Agriculture, covers interstate transportation of live nonhuman primates, and the US Public Health Service registers importers and requires quarantine of nonhuman primates under the Public Health Service Act, laws administered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service cover the import and export of these species. Two laws affect the transportation of nonhuman primates to and from the United States: the Lacey Act and the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA)
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closely resemble the guidelines found in the International Air Transport Association's Live Animals Regulations (LAR)
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Although some nonhuman primate species are listed as endangered or threatened under the ESA, all nonhuman primates are listed under CITES. The treaty relies on a basic principle of strictly limiting international trade in species in genuine need of protection while allowing controlled trade in species that are capable of sustaining some level of exploitation.
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The treaty specifies that an import permit should be granted by the importing nation before the export permit is issued. For an import permit to be granted, the importing country must determine that (1)
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There are no Appendix-III primates. Special provisions exist for trade in specimens from captive breeding facilities that are registered with the CITES Secretariat.
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To obtain a copy of the Live Animal Regulations, contact: International Air Transport Association (IATA) , 800 Place Victoria, PO Box 113, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4Z lMl, Tel: 1-800-716-6326.
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The unit also develops and implements conservation projects that increase the Zoo's profile at the local, provincial, national, and international level. Director, Conservation Biology and Research Centre, Toronto Zoo, Toronto, Canada 193
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Seal of IUCN/CBSG and three bear biologists with an Asiatic Black Bear Population Viability Analysis (PHVA) and Habitat Workshop held at the Seoul Grand Park Zoo.
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Elsie Perez Dulong, visited the Toronto Zoo and met with Zoo staff to plan the CIDA project and Havana Zoo collaboration. Three-phase project to establish new exhibits, improve animal care, and work with conservation programs for endemic species has received further funding from CIDA and the Toronto Zoo.
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Support worldwide and Canadian efforts to control the bush meat working groups' activities in Africa.
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An annual inventory of breeders must be reported to both provincial and central government authorities, which are responsible for the management and monitoring of the primate resources nationwide. Before 2001, three companies of quasigovernment status exclusively handled all exports of primates.
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Shipping crates with two, three, or four compartments, which exceed International Air Transport Association standards, are used to ship macaques. The crates are made of either hardwood or plywood.
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The international transportation of nonhuman primates between continents remains a critical and unpredictable risk factor for both biomedical communities and primate breeding facilities worldwide. Its impact on the use of imported primates for scientific research is probably as significant as the impact on captive-bred animals and the conservation of natural primate resources.
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Morton Session Chair, Washington National Primate Research Center, USA Nelson Garnett NIH/Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, USA ferry DePoyster APHIS/USDA, USA Michael Kreger US Department of the Interior, USA William A Rapley Toronto Zoo, Canada C.K.
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That was long after. They do not even carry animals domestically, obviously, and right now they refuse to carry any nonhuman primates from China to any part outside China.
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It is particularly dangerous without defining what "threatened with extinction" means because, of course, there is a definition of threatened with extinction under the Endangered Species Act. There is also a different one under CITES, and a different one under IUCN criteria.
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However, it does bring us back to the problem of how to ship these animals reliably and in a timely fashion from those breeding facilities to the areas of use, the research facilities. That is a big problem, and I think it is part of this panels' overall problem.
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It is often a topic in the Journal of Conservation Biology, and some of the reports we are getting with the work we do with the great apes conservation fund and African elephants fund indicate that there are multinational and national companies coming into some of these primary growth forests. They are hiring locals, but they may not be feeding the locals.
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Now we have heard numerous reports from anonymous Chinese sources at the International Primate Protection League that some of these monkeys coming out of China are, in fact, wild caught in Vietnam and laundered into the United States. I understand there is some sort of on-going investigation.
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I worked in the field directly for 8 years, and I understand why these things are important. I am just saying the really endangered species need protection and that the captive breeding such as the vervets in St.
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