International Perspectives The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources: Proceedings of the Workshop Held April 17-19, 2002 (2003) / Chapter Skim
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Session 2: Conservation and Supply, Part 2
Session 2: Conservation and Supply, Part 2
Pages 61-96
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Session 2 Conservation and Supply, Part 2
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, the return from NHP users in the larger countries with larger numbers of NHPs used for preclinical work in academia and industry ranged between 61 and 83%. BREEDING OF NHPS IN EU COUNTRIES The overall number of NHPs bred for biomedical research in European institutions in 2001 was 1120: 518 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
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; Sc, Saimiri sciureus (common squirrel monkey) ; So, Saguinus Oedipus (cotton-top tamarin)
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EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOLS AND FUNDING In institutions of the pharmaceutical industry, most animals are used for pharmacokinetics and toxicology studies. However, university laboratories and public research centers require NHPs for a broad spectrum of research in the fields of neurosciences, reproduction and fertility control, cardiovascular and metabolic research, gene therapy, infectious disease models and vaccine studies, and immunological studies on alto- and xenotransplantation, as well as on allergy and autoimmunity.
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66 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES A Annual import of NHPs by species ~ 400 ~ ~ 866*
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Approximately two thirds of those must be imported from breeding facilities outside Europe. Of these animals, 70% originate from the Peoples' Republic of China.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am indebted to colleagues of 25 institutions from academia and industry in nine European countries for providing critical information to this survey.
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The supply of primates for experiments has been covered either by importing primates from their natural habitat or by breeding them in the pedigree monkey colony of the Sukhumi Institute of Experimental Pathology and Therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (IEPaT AMS)
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Taking into consideration the considerable reduction of primates in their natural habitat, which I believe will affect African green monkeys in the near future, the Commission on Medicobiological investigations on monkeys under the RAMS Presidium has now recommended that polio vaccine producers develop measures for sharply reducing their use of African green monkeys in polio vaccine production.
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To fulfill this plan, we intend to construct more monkey houses and corrals during the next 3 years. Only the Institute of Poliomyelitis and Virus Encephalitis is still an exception and must still import African green monkeys annually to produce polio vaccine and to test residual neurovirulence.
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I am also * Director, National Primate Research Centers Program, National Center for Research Resources, Division of Comparative Medicine, NIH, Washington, DC tVice President, Operations, Sierra Biomedical Division, Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Sparks, NV 72
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Obviously, these National Resource Centers play a critical role in the conduct of biomedical research using nonhuman primate models. One of the key questions that speakers were charged with addressing was to identify "the species and numbers of monkeys that are maintained in your country or region for biomedical research." NCRR recently completed a survey of 1999 NIH grantees who use nonhuman primates for research.
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These Centers provide infrastructure support for several hundred scientists doing research in neurosciences, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and other related human health problems that require nonhuman primates as the animal model. Such research efforts are supported by more than 500 NIH grants as well as other funding sources.
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CONSERVATION AND SUPPLY, PART 2 Baboon Cercopithecus Squirrel monkey Rhesus macaque FIGURE 1 US primate imports by species (>1%~: 1995-2000. Kenya Guvana Philippines Vietnam China Longtailed macaque Mean = 12,349/year Mauritius Indonesia FIGURE 2 Countries of origin of US primate imports (>1%~: 1996-1999.
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NCRR, National Center for Research Resources; NPRC, National Primate Research Center.
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For the rest of my talk, I wish to focus on the species that is in the greatest demand, the rhesus macaque. From the NCRR survey of 1999 NIH grantees, we learned that the rhesus macaque comprised approximately 65% of the nonhuman primates used for biomedical research.
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Nonetheless, these animals can be utilized in certain types of experimentation. TABLE 2 National Primate Research Centers, Rhesus Macaque Colony Statistics Breeding Colony Statistics Year Animal Numbers No.
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It is anticipated that five TABLE 4 National Primate Research Centers: Rhesus Monkey Statistics May 2001 Total Numbers Asian Indian Origin Chinese Origin No. of Animals in Breeding Colonies No.
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Obviously, NCRR cannot provide all of the nonhuman primate resources needed by the biomedical research community. We are trying to facilitate importation of more macaques from international sources to help meet some of these needs.
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A Letter of Agreement between the government of Peru and PAHO/ WHO was signed in 1975, laying the foundations for cooperation in implementing a biological research project on nonhuman primates the PeruPeruvian Primatology Project 81
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The Padre Island Biological Station comprises an area of 8.3 km2 and 96 m2 of buildings with reinforced concrete walls and a corrugated metal roof. The Station has demonstration agroforest plots.
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, per day. The concentrate consists of soybean, wheat, and rice meal, sugar, eggs, vegetable oil, and peanuts obtained locally; premixes of vitamins and specific minerals for nonhuman primates are also included, which are imported from the United States.
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nancymae, weaning ages of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 months were evaluated. In Figure 2, the changes in weight at 12 months of 600 500 400 _ ~ 300 ~ ~ _ 200 ~ :~ ~ Peso corporal 100 ~ ~ _ ~ Longitud corporal O ,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,,,, 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 WEEKS 30 25 20 He 15 10 5 lo FIGURE 1 Weight and length of Aotus nancymae, up to 26 weeks of age: 1998.
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However, there were no clinical manifestations of natural infection. Various arboviruses cause febrile illnesses in humans in the tropics.
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INFLUENCE OF HUMAN COMMUNITIES ON IQUITOS ISLAND ON THE PARASITE LOAD IN CEBIDAE The sample took persons (n=223) from hamlets on Iquitos and Padre Islands; 97% tested positive for parasitic infections (Ascaris lumbricoides, 67%; Trichuris trichura, 31%; and Uncinaria, 2%~.
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The number of pregnant females indicates satisfactory breeding of the species on this island. Cebidae census on Iquitos Island.
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One way to reduce the pressure from the inhabitants is by educating communities about the value of primates, in addition to offering options for more intensive land use. DEMONSTRATION AGROFOREST PLOTS Since 1993, 7 ha of demonstration agroforest plots of araza, carambola, camu camu, rice, and yucca on Padre Island have been evaluated.
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Its performance has appreciated the value of nonhuman primates for medical research and has raised awareness in some interest
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· Inventory and identification of primate species in Peru, as well as their geographic distribution and population dynamics. This strategy would protect endangered species and would make it possible to determine their geographic distribution and population dynamics (density and group composition)
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Vandenbergh Session Chair, North Carolina State University, USA Gerhard Hunsmann Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Germany Boris A Lapin Institute of Medical Primatology, Russia ferry Robinson NIH/NCRR, USA Greg Beattie Sierra Biomedical, USA Enrique Montoya Peruvian Primatology Project, Peru QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS DR.
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From page 92... ...
If that perception is correct, it is my sense that perhaps it would be more economical to maintain a surplus of these critical species as insurance so that when demand picks up again (and it always seems to because it always has as long as I have been working with nonhuman primates) , it is actually possible to meet that demand quickly.
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DR. ROBINSON: I totally agree with your perception, which I tried to express in the table I showed with the primate center breeding colonies.
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I was struck by the original opening comments about availability of opportunities for research on the basic biology of species and that there will be more focus on drug development, which particularly affects the primate centers program. When they revised the base grant format, they elimi
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PARTICIPANT: I would like to comment that at the primate centers, this practice is in place. Although I do not like using the term, animals are "recycled," if you will.
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DR. BEATTIE: It is my understanding that the pharmaceutical companies are required to report the number of animals they use through the USDA, but the USDA does not require a breakdown other than to identify them as nonhuman primates.
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