Enabling Ocean Research in the 21st Century Implementation of a Network of Ocean Observatories (2003) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
5 Related Facility Needs for an Ocean Observatories Network
5 Related Facility Needs for an Ocean Observatories Network
Pages 138-156
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From page 138... ...
Moored Buoy Observatories Installation Ship Requirements Many of the sites functioning as part of the global network will utilize buoys and moorings that are similar to present surface and sub-surface 138
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From page 139... ...
The ship will require dynamic positioning capability and a deep-ocean ROV in order to install the seafloor junction box and instrumentation. Coastal moorings like those envisioned for the Pioneer Array or for long-term time-series sites are fairly simple to install using small or intermediate-class UNOLS vessels or their commercial equivalent.
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From page 140... ...
Coastal observatories two 30-node Pioneer Arrays and 15 cabled or moored long time-series sites. Note: table does not include science ship time requirements beyond those required for annual observatory operation and instrument maintenance.
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From page 141... ...
UNOLS (1 leg) UNOLS global class UNOLS global class UNOLS global or ocean class 2 ship industry cable laying UNOLS global class Industry cable laying UNOLS global or ocean class UNOLS regional class Cable laying UNOLS regional or local UNOLS regional or local 8 (one time)
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From page 142... ...
EOM cable-linked moorings with seafloor junction boxes will require dynamic positioning and a deep-ocean ROV to service or install instrumentation. Fatigue considerations, especially for the high-latitude or other severe environment sites, will require
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From page 143... ...
It should be noted that coastal moorings do not suffer from this problem due to their much greater accessibility. Cabled Observatories Installation Ship Requirements Installation of cabled observatory systems will employ both industry and UNOLS vessels and will require detailed pre-installation cable route surveys using high-resolution seafloor mapping systems and bottom sampling.
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From page 144... ...
[~NC OCEAN ~~C~ /N [~[ 2 /~r CANNY FICURE 5-2 Photo of Me Cable Refrfe~er, ~ state-oFthe-art purpose-designed, at/-stern working cable ship, equipped gin an ROV (~D view top; rear view bottom)
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From page 145... ...
Node and instrument installation can be accomplished by smaller UNOLS vessels, and in shallow water, by divers. At global sites that prove feasible for re-use of retired telecommunication cables, a large UNOLS vessel or commercial cable vessel can be used to retrieve the cable, cut it, and install a termination frame and junction box.
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From page 146... ...
The University National Laboratory System Capabilities and Research Observatory Requirements While Table 5-1 is, at best, a rough estimate of the ship time requirements associated with the installation and maintenance of the observatories that will be acquired as part of the OOI, it illustrates the very significant demands ocean observatories will place on the UNOLS fleet. The installation of 15-20 global observatory sites, a regional NEPTUNE-like cabled observatory, and coastal observatories consisting of both moorings and cabled sites is likely to require over four ship-years (assuming 300 operational days per year)
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From page 147... ...
Coastal observatories face less pressure on available vessels, as the present small- and intermediate-class UNOLS vessels can support coastal observatories. In addition, the ship time requirements are not as large as for open-ocean observatories (Table 5-1)
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From page 148... ...
DEEP SUBMERGENCE ASSETS ROVs will likely be the work-horses of deep-ocean observatories, as such resources will be needed for installation of seafloor observatories, connecting moorings to seafloor junction boxes, installing experiments, and servicing or repairing instruments and network equipment on the
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From page 149... ...
Some industry ships and ROVs can operate in sea states as high as 7. Upgrading the dynamic positioning systems and ROVs used on large UNOLS vessels to operate at higher sea states would significantly expand the operational window at many observatory sites.
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From page 150... ...
ROVs will be needed for installation of seafloor observatories, connecting moorings to seafloor junction boxes, installing experiments, and servicing or repairing instruments and network equipment on the seafloor. Jason II was designed for detailed survey and sampling tasks that require a high degree of maneuverability.
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From page 151... ...
However, because HOVs are not tethered to the surface (making them highly maneuverable) , they may be useful in some instances for conducting scientific investigations around observatory sites and for initially establishing experiments and locating sensors in areas of complex topography (e.g., a hydrothermal vent field)
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From page 152... ...
aliasing, it is essential to acknowledgefrom the outset that time-series from fixed locations in the ocean can provide temporally and vertically wellresolved measurements but that these measurements cannot be properly interpreted without accompanying information on horizontal spatial variability. It is thus essential to develop and use sampling strategies that enlarge the footprint of observatory sites in order to provide spatial information at a resolution sufficient to separate advective (spatial)
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From page 153... ...
However, the U.S. Navy and the offshore energy industry have shown a growing interest in AUVs and the base of AUV technology and expertise is growing at an accelerating rate.
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From page 154... ...
This section describes the commercial resources that could be used to install, operate, and maintain ocean observatories and the potential role of industry in ocean observatory operations. Vessels More than 1,000 commercial vessels are engaged in the offshore energy business.
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From page 155... ...
Underwater Assets: Remotely Operated Vehicles and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles ROVs have served as productive tools in the offshore energy and telecommunications industries and the military for more than a quarter of a century. Due to the physiological limitations of the human body at great depths and the practical limitations of cost effectively deploying manned submersibles, working beyond the world's continental shelves would not
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From page 156... ...
Six major contractors engaged in the offshore energy business operate over 80 percent of these ROVs; most of the remaining systems serve industry in the hands of smaller companies. Many specific task systems, such as mine hunting, are deployed by the military and a few thousand smaller observation or inspection class systems are in use in lakes, rivers, and coastal areas.
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