Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin Causes of Decline and Strategies for Recovery (2004) / Chapter Skim
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8. Facilitating Recovery of Coho Salmon and Other Anadromous Fishes of the Klamath River
8. Facilitating Recovery of Coho Salmon and Other Anadromous Fishes of the Klamath River
Pages 287-310
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From page 287... ...
RESTORATION OF TRIBUTARIES Coho salmon, spring-run Chinook salmon, ancT summer steelheacT clepencT heavily on tributaries to complete their life cycles ancT sustain their populations (Chapter 71. Thus, restoring large, self-sustaining runs of anacTromous fishes in the basin requires restoration of the tributaries to concTitions that favor spawning ancT rearing of anacTromous fishes.
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From page 289... ...
Unlike the Scott anti Salmon rivers, the Shasta River is clominatecI by grounc~water clischarge, principally through numerous coicI-water springs. The heac~waters of the Shasta watershed lie primarily on the northern anti western flanks of Mt.
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From page 290... ...
water to the relatively small volume of current summer flows are likely to have a substantial beneficial effect on temperature anti habitat. Moclest changes in the timing anti magnitude of surface diversions anti grounc~water pumping, particularly in the upper reaches of the Shasta River anti the tributaries between Dwinnell Dam anti Big Springs, wouicI have a large beneficial effect on the volume ancI temperature of water in the river cluring summer.
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From page 291... ...
In addition, historical placer mining in the main stem and some tributaries has severely degraded spawning habitat, and has formed migration barriers during lowflow years. The most important effect on salmonid habitat is associated with high water demand for alfalfa and irrigated pasture.
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From page 292... ...
High water temperatures ancI loss of riparian vegetation probably have eliminatecI hoicling ancI rearing habitat for coho in the main stem. Restoring summer anti fall conditions suitable for coho in the main stem will require careful ancI creative management of existing surfacewater ancI grounc~water resources in the Scott River valley.
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From page 293... ...
The principal habitat for spring-run Chinook salmon and summer steelheaa in the Salmon River drainage today is Wooley Creek, although small numbers are also found in the forks of the Salmon River as well (Moyle et al. 1995, Moyle 2002~.
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From page 294... ...
Overall, however, it is likely that lancI-use activities in the Salmon River watershed have hacI the largest adverse effects on production of salmon anti steelheacI in the Salmon River basin. Because the Salmon River watershed is owned principally by the fecleral government, there has been comparatively little controversy surrounding management anti restoration efforts within the basin.
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From page 295... ...
Some of the most important probable causes of clecline specific to the Trinity River inclucle construction of clams anti associated regulation, enhancement of erosion associated with logging anti grazing practices, placer mining, anti hatchery operations. Construction of Lewiston anti Trinity clams in the main stem in 1963 blockecI access to over 109 mi of salmonicI spawning habitat (coicI water, goocI gravels)
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From page 296... ...
Finally, the Trinity River Hatchery has a major effect on wilcI populations of coho salmon, Chinook salmon, ancI steelheacI, given that marked hatchery fish are frequently observed spawning in the wilcI. It is possible that hatchery production is suppressing populations of wilcI fish (e.g., I(ostow et al.
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From page 297... ...
The restoration goals must apply to fish spawning in tributaries as well as in the main stem. Goals shouicI inclucle minimum numbers (e.g., following years of poor ocean conclitions)
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From page 298... ...
THE MAIN-STEM KLAMATH RIVER Modeling of Habitat Availability in Relation to Flow The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has sponsored habitat availability monitoring in the Klamath main stem in support of the preparation of its biological opinions (NMFS 2001, 20021.
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From page 299... ...
, ancI their principal habitat affinities cluring rearing are with the tributaries rather than the main stem. Aciclitional flows wouicI probably benefit Chinook salmon, steelheacI, Pacific lamprey, ancI other more thermally tolerant fishes in the river by providing them with aciclitional rearing habitat.
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From page 300... ...
Higher summer flows from Iron Gate Dam appear to increase minimum temperatures by reducing the effect of nocturnal cooling (Chapter 41. Higher flows also may raise the temperatures of the few coicI-water refuges available in the main stem, the pools into which coo!
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From page 301... ...
It is also worth noting that historically the upper Klamath basin suppliecI only a portion of the flows of the lower Klamath River. Thus, increasing flows from the Scott ancI Shasta rivers wouicI not only have thermal benefits to the main stem but mimic natural sources of flow more closely.
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From page 302... ...
There has been no systematic evaluation of the benefits ancI costs associatecI with the removal of Iron Gate Dam, but removal of the clam wouicI recapture about 6 mi of lost habitat in the main stem of the clam ancI substantial tributary habitat; the 6-ml reach couicI also have lower summer water temperatures than most of the main stem. Removal of Iron Gate Dam
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From page 303... ...
The current license for operation expires in 2006; a ciraft application is clue in 2003 (FERC Relicensing Number 20821. CHANGES IN OPERATION OF HATCHERIES The reason for builcling the hatcheries on the Trinity River ancI at Iron Gate Dam was to ensure that fisheries couicI be sustained at levels at least as high as they were before the construction of the clams.
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From page 304... ...
Because both have procluction hatcheries for coho, Chinook, ancI steelheacI at the top of the accessible reaches for the species, comparative manipulations of hatchery practices are possible through an aciaptive-management framework. For example, the Iron Gate Hatchery couicI be shut clown for 6-8 yr (two Chinook ancI coho life cycles)
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From page 305... ...
, which is intended to control erosion and deposition problems that arise from the Grass Valley Creek watershed; · The Trinity River Basin Fish and Wildlife Management Act (1984) , which directed the Secretary of the Interior to develop a management pro
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From page 306... ...
, which callecI for interim flows until the completion of the 12-yr Trinity River Flow Evaluation Stucly (USFWS/HVT 19991. The provision Congressionally requires the Secretary to implement recommendations resulting from the study.
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From page 307... ...
indicate that global mean temperatures will rise over the next century anti that regional climates will be affected in variable ways (IPCC 2001, Strzepek anti Yates 20031. Regional climate change wouicI probably affect the hycirologic cycle of the I(lamath watershed (Snycler et al.
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From page 308... ...
through programs that anticipate changes that wouicI accompany warming. CONCLUSIONS Conditions in tributary waters are of paramount importance for rearing of coho salmon, as is also the case for spring-run Chinook salmon ancI
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From page 309... ...
The Trinity River, which is much larger than the other three tributaries, shows the full complex of problems founcI in the Scott anti Shasta rivers, but is especially affected by loss of habitat causecI by installation of clams anti by physical damage to channels causecI by improper lancI-management practices. Implementation of actions callecI for in the Record of Decision will promote restoration anti create a framework for adaptive management through a large, comprehensive effort, but this effort must be coorclinatecI with management of the overall I(lamath basin.
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From page 310... ...
Aciclitional water cluring the smolt migration couicI enhance downstream movement, ancI couicI be tested in this respect through adaptive management procedures. In aciclition, removal of Iron Gate Dam ancI Dwinnell Dam couicI open new habitat, especially by making available tributaries that are now completely blockecI to coho.
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