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Appendix D: Report on the International Global Ocean Exploration Workshop
Pages 173-204

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From page 173...
... Approximately 80 participants from 22 countries attended the meeti ng. The IGOE Workshop was organized to address the major issues in the statement of task to the committee: · the value of implementing an ocean exploration program at the international level; · existing programs and their strengths, weaknesses, and gaps; · priority areas for exploration; · technology and infrastructure needed; and · strategies for cooperation to implement such a coordinated, international program.
From page 174...
... Dr. Bernal described many challenges a new ocean exploration program would face.
From page 175...
... International cooperation is required because the oceans are so large that no single country can explore them alone. Expertise and assets from other countries are needed.
From page 176...
... It should be multidisciplinary and multinational. A coordinated international exploration program adds value bv sharing costs and assets.
From page 177...
... Perceptions of competition for funding between ocean exploration and ocean research must be avoided. The resource base must be expanded and new sources of funding clearly delineated to support an ocean exploration program.
From page 178...
... This President's Panel made recommendations for priorities of an ocean exploration program, and NOAA's Office of Ocean Exploration was initiated at a level of $4 million. The program has grown to $14 million annually.
From page 179...
... Similarly, Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics has found unexpectedly tight links between fish stock abundances and climate indices. Other SCOR activities include the emerging ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystems program and the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms project.
From page 180...
... Green highlighted the importance of international collaboration on large archeology projects, such as one offthe Turkish coast in which his museum cooperates with the Institute for Nautical Archaeology from the U n ited States. Canada Shubha Sathyendranath, Executive Director of the relatively new international organization Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean (POGO)
From page 181...
... He emphasized, however, that for China to participate in an international ocean exploration program initiatives would need to be framed in economic terms and/or national 181
From page 182...
... Subsequent to the development of a national oceanography program, substantial international collaboration evolved. In many instances the collaboration is with institutions from the United States and other major players in ocean research, and the Mexican institutions are eager to pursue their ocean research programs in close col laboration with i Institutions from abroad.
From page 183...
... International collaboration is important to New Zealand. New Zealand collaborates with Japan and Australia in the Southern Ocean, and the country also participates in the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)
From page 184...
... . An international exploration program must rely on interactions between scientists and institutions rather than at the governmental level.
From page 185...
... , a tagging program of migratory species, and the study of deep coral reefs. High Latitude Studies of the Southern Ocean Michael Meredith, of the British Antarctic Survey, proposed the Southern Ocean as a priority for ocean exploration program.
From page 186...
... understanding of how the Southern Ocean influences the global system for climate. High Latitude Studies of the North Atlantic Bryndis Brandsdottir, of the University of Iceland, proposed that the unique geological, marine, climatological setting of the North Atlantic offers unique exploration opportunities within a global perspective.
From page 187...
... to promote scientific collaboration between the two nations. Since it is a small nation, Icelandic participation in an international ocean exploration program would most likely be restricted to special fields related to Iceland's natural setting, economic framework, and exploration i nterests.
From page 188...
... Exploitation of Resources, Marine Archaeology, and Mitigation of Hazards Muthukamatchi Ravindran, Director of the Indian National Institute of Ocean Technology, stated that India's priority for ocean exploration is to better understand the oceans in order to exploit both living and nonliving regional marine resources for the benefit of Indian society. Other priorities are: global environment monitoring; mapping of energy sources, such as gas hydrates and identification of sites for deep sea minerals; and evaluation of historical and present sea level rise and implications for the safety of islands, submergence of coasts, and the history of mankind.
From page 189...
... NSF's ocean exploration priorities pursue the following objectives: explore over time using ocean observatories; develop and make use of more capable submersibles; explore under-sampled and poorly known ocean regions, such as the Arctic and the Southern Oceans; and understand the biology and biogeochemistry of deeply buried biosphere and its link to life in the water column. Ocean exploration should be a long-term venture an exploration in time.
From page 190...
... EEZ, the program recognizes that there are many remote, relatively unknown regions of the global ocean where exploration will be greatly facilitated by international partnerships. Examples of such regions include the high-latitude oceans in the Arctic and Antarctic, and the Southern Ocean.
From page 191...
... , human presence in the sea, and marine archaeological discoveries are successful in capturing the attention of the press and public. THIRD SESSION: TECHNOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE Speakers Alain Morash, of TotalFinaElf, and a representative of the offshore oil industry, discussed the development of deep water drilling (>500 m)
From page 192...
... Imaginative arguments for the cost-effectiveness, gains, and benefits of a program of ocean exploration are needed. She believes Norway would contribute to, and participate in, an international exploration program.
From page 193...
... Dr. Ura emphasized that an international program of ocean exploration should use AUVs to explore all mid-ocean ridges and the entire seafloor.
From page 194...
... In addition, implementation of a flagship Southern Ocean exploration program could yield an understanding of global thermohaline circulation. Larry Mayer, a professor from the University of New Hampshire, and an expert on ocean mapping technology, does not believe mapping can be separated from ocean exploration.
From page 195...
... The technology exists to complete incredibly detailed ocean mapping, but is there the will to do so? Kiyoshi Suyehiro, Director of the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center's Deep Sea Research Department, focused on the realization of longterm seafloor observations.
From page 196...
... Data will be submitted to a continental shelf commission. FOURTH SESSION: STRATEGIES FOR AN INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM Speakers Jean-Frangois Minster, Chair of the Institut Franc~ais pour ['Exploitation de la Mer, first identified the major research priorities for France: life sciences, environment issues, and science and technology for information and communication.
From page 197...
... ; and cooperative experiments that only need specific, short-term agreements between agencies (e.g., tectonics in the Gulf of Corinth or deep water formation in the North Atlantic)
From page 198...
... The sensitive factors for international cooperation are that it must be important for the Chinese economy and not a threat to national security. They hope to share ships, instruments, technology, and data in an international ocean exploration program.
From page 199...
... She outlined the main principles, rights and duties concerning the conduct of marine science research in different jurisdictional maritime zones and proposed how these would apply to IGOE activities. "Exploration" has different meanings for different purposes (i.e..
From page 200...
... IGOE activities can be effectively regulated under the marine science research cooperation regime of Part X111, 1982 LOSC, in a manner compatible with existing bilateral and multilateral structures and programs for pure and applied marine science of global benefit. Sergei Shapovalov, Head of the Center for the Coordination of Oceanographic Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, reminded participants that many nations have developed ocean exploration programs.
From page 201...
... In Russia, the principal barriers to cooperative international ocean exploration are a shortage of young oceanographers, and conflicts with their own navy regarding permits to do ocean science in their FEZ. Russia as a nation would like to see an IGOE program set up as an informal and decentralized program under an international organization such as SCOR or IOC.
From page 202...
... management and governance must be viewed as ecumenical and balanced and should be distant from any strong national control. Nil Odunton, Chief of Resource and Environmental Monitoring for the International Seabed Authority, described the work of the International Seabed Authority for management of deep sea mineral resources.
From page 203...
... . An international ocean exploration program should ensure a strong education and public outreach component.
From page 204...
... It has been more than 40 years since Piccard and Walsh made their historic deep dive in the Trieste, but we still have only explored less than one percent of the deep sea. A few men have walked on the moon, dozens have orbited Earth, and hundreds have climbed Everest.


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