Exploration of the Seas Voyage into the Unknown (2003) / Chapter Skim
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4. International Organization and Management of an Ocean Exploration Program
4. International Organization and Management of an Ocean Exploration Program
Pages 63-78
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From page 63... ...
Managing a large-scale, international ocean exploration program will require an organizational model that is sufficiently flexible to attract a diverse array of national and international participants while still providing adequate structure to ensure consistency in direction, information dissemination and management, and funding. As part of the work of the committee on Exploration of the Seas, the International Global Ocean Exploration (IGOE)
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From page 64... ...
Discussions and presentations at the Workshop suggested that a coordinated international organization for ocean exploration should be designed to accommodate the following goals: promote and support the highest quality science and technology; provide for the development and application of promising new technology by leveraging the capabilities of international partners; encourage the broadest possible participation to achieve a synergistic effect and worldwide implementation; develop an international voice for ocean exploration; encourage increased international funding for exploration; provide the most efficient access to and use of platforms and capabi I ities; support the broadest possible and most efficient methods for sharing information; reduce political barriers to exploration and research; · include developing countries in partnership and capacity building; and emphasize and promote effective international education and public outreach.
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From page 65... ...
Members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States Denmark, Japan, United States Steering Committee: Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, Norway, Russia, United Kingdom, United States ICES Observers: Australia, Chile, Greece, New Zealand, Peru, South Africa Scientific Steering Committee: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Membersa continued
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From page 66... ...
support operational ocean Kenya, Netherlands, Norway, IOC Executive Council services worldwide. GOOS will Philippines, South Africa, provide accurate descriptions Switzerland, United Kingdom, IOC Members of the state of the oceans, United States including living resources; United Nations continuous forecasts of the Environment Programme conditions of the sea for as Governing Councild far ahead as possible; and the basis for predictions of WOO Members (IOC climate change.
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From page 67... ...
IODP builds on the Ocean Drilling Program, is slated to begin October 1, 2003, as an international program of scientific research that uses multiple integrated platforms to drill, core, and log in oceanic settings to investigate Earth system processes. Inter-RIDGE is an international, interdisciplinary initiative concerned with all aspects of mid-ocean ridges.
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From page 68... ...
Scientific Committee: Australia, Belgium, China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Japan, Kenya, Netherlands, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States ICSU Members SCOR Members European Consortium (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland) , Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, United States Pacific Rim Consortium: Australia, Canada, Chinese Taipei, South Korea IGBP National Committee: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Caribbean, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe Associate Members: China, France
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From page 69... ...
World Climate Research Program (WCRP) The objective is to provide an accurate long-term record of sea levels in the South Pacific for partner countries and the international scientific community that enables them to respond to and manage related effects.
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From page 70... ...
This project studies the hydrological cycle and energy fluxes by means of global measurements of atmospheric and surface properties; models the global hydrological cycle and its influence on the atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces; develops predictive models for the variations of global and regional hydrological processes and water resources and their response to environmental change; and advances development of observation techniques, data management, and assimilation systems for operational application to long-range weather forecasts, hydrology, and climate predictions. Canada, European Union (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom)
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From page 71... ...
alOC Executive Council members are italicized. Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Attica, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen.
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From page 72... ...
; coordinated international programs without money exchange, just the informal, good-will cooperation of partners (e.g., the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, the World Climate Research Programme) , although insecurity of funding is a disadvantage and program flexibility is an advantage; and · cooperative experiments that only need specific, short-term agreements between agencies (e.g., tectonics in the Gulf of Corinth or deep water formation in the North Atlantic)
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From page 73... ...
Bilateral agreements have effectively facilitated international collaboration and, as a result of the success of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, a new international not-for-profit corporation has been formed for the new phase of ocean drilling, the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.
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From page 74... ...
While it might be possible for those nations to combine forces to mount an international ocean exploration program, either modeled after or included within the highly successful ODP, the IGOE Workshop participants did not find a compelling rationale for such a recommendation. In fact, many more nations than the current ODP membership are interested in exploring their own territorial waters and neighboring ocean basins.
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From page 75... ...
The General Assembly: Urges nations to seek to enhance basic understanding about the oceans through programs and activities of ocean exploration and to cooperate together to that end; Calls upon IOC to consider establishing a voluntary information-sharing program for the cooperative sharing of information about ocean exploration, including planned programs and proposals, institutional and national interests, scientific and technical expertise, capacity building capabilities, available oceanographic ships, and other national or institutional resources available for such exploration; and Nothing in this resolution is intended to affect the legal regime for the oceans as set out in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
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From page 76... ...
IOC also might consider sponsoring an annual conference on ocean exploration at IOC headquarters to solicit input for existing programs and discuss potential new collaborations, while seeking advice from the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research and other interested entities as appropriate. The IGOE Workshop hosted by IOC demonstrated great international interest, as well as capabilities, in ocean exploration from developed and developing countries from many regions and for many disciplines.
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From page 77... ...
A single international global ocean exploration effort would likely be overcome by the bureaucratic structure under which it operated. Building cooperative agreements for shared projects should be a more effective approach to program development.
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From page 78... ...
By developing distinct exploration programs for international cooperation to seek discoveries of specific resources or investigate regional features, the burden of international policy and agreements will be greatly reduced.
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