Exploration of the Seas Voyage into the Unknown (2003) / Chapter Skim
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6. Ocean Research Technologies
6. Ocean Research Technologies
Pages 97-127
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From page 97... ...
The infrastructure for an ocean exploration program must provide for postcruise sample and data analysis and interpretation, rapid dissemination of results, and data management that will promote effective integration and analysis of multidisciplinary data sets. The science and technology results from several continuing large-scale research programs the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere program, the Ridge Interdisciplinary Global Experiment, and JGOFS provide important information and experience that can be applied when designing operational ocean exploration system that is effective, affordable, and consistent with our knowledge of the scales of ocean biology, chemistry, and physics (National Research Council, 19931.
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From page 99... ...
An ocean exploration program that includes archaeology will further diversify the platforms needed. Ships Virtually all oceanographic research is conducted from vessels that are owned by agencies or private organizations within individual nations; there are no truly international research vessels, with the possible exception of the vessels used by ODP and the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP)
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From page 100... ...
ODP and the new IODP control drill ships. ODP supports the riserless drill ship, the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (IOIDES)
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From page 101... ...
The current NSF funding structure for supporting such vessels for marine research does not encourage use of commercially available ROVs nor encourage competition within the oceanographic community. An international ocean exploration program would be greatly enhanced if commercial assets could be accessed and used by the scientific community.
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From page 102... ...
Shinkai 6500 JAMSTEC, Japan 6,500 MIR I and 11 P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russia 6,000 Nautile IFREMER, France 6,000 Alvin National Deep Submergence Facility, 4,500 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States Cyana IFREMER, France 3,000 Shinkai2000 JAMSTEC, Japan 2,000 Pisces IV HURL, United States 2,1 70 Pisces V HURL, United States 2,090 Johnson-Sea-Link I and 11 HBOI, United States 1,000 Deep Rover 1002 James Cameron 1,000 Deep Rover Nuytco Research Ltd., Canada 900 JAGO Max Planck Institute, Germany 400 Remora 2000 Comex, France 610 DeepWorker2000 Deep Ocean Expeditions 600 Delta Delta Oceanographics, United States 370 Clelia HBOI, United States 300 Thetis Greek National Centre of Marine Research 300 NOTE: JAMSTEC, Japan Marine Science and Technology Center; IFREMER, French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea; HURL, Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory; HBOI, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution.
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From page 103... ...
investigators while preserving the existing capabilities of the National Deep Submergence Facility. Long-standing U.S.
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From page 104... ...
104 EXPLORATION OF THE SEAS FIGURE 6.2 The human occupied vehicle Carolyn visits a medieval shipwreck whose cargo consisted of millstones (used with permission from Tufan Turanli, Institute of Nautical Archaeology)
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From page 105... ...
(Table 6.21. In the United States, there is one facility at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's National Deep Submergence Facility that provides a variety of ROVs (a towed sidescan sonar system, a towed imaging and acoustic system, and ROV capable of sampling)
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From page 106... ...
Kaikoa JAMSTEC, Japan 10,000 Jason 11 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States 6,500 ATV Scripps Institution of Oceanography 6,090 VICTOR 6000 French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea 6,000 Tiburon MBARI, United States 4,000 HYSUB 75-3000 JAMSTEC, Japan 3,000 Hyper Dolphin Ventana MBARI, United States 1,850 Homer/Rover Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, United States 300 NOTE: JAMSTEC, Japan Marine Science and Technology Center; MBARI, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. aKaiko was reported lost at sea in the spring of 2003.
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From page 107... ...
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology AUV Laboratory designs, builds, and tests small robotic submarines. As their technological capabilities improve, AUVs will continue to provide an effective alternative to other types of oceanographic Platforms in an international ocean exploration program.
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From page 108... ...
Incorporating oil and gas platforms into planned observation efforts could provide an important mechanism for collaboration with private industry. FIGURE 6.3 Autonomous underwater vehicles use programmed routes and sampling protocols to collect oceanographic data.
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From page 110... ...
Oceanographic data collected using MODIS include: surface temperature with 1-km resolution, day and night, with absolute accuracy of 0.3-0.5 OK for oceans; water-leaving radiance to within 0.2 percent from 415 to 653 nm; chlorophyll fluorescence within 50 percent at surface concentrations of 0.5 mg/m3; concentration of chlorophyll a within 35 percent, net ocean primary productivity, other optical properties; net primary productivity and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation; cloud mask containing confidence of clear sky (or, alternatively, the probability of cloud) , shadow, fire, and heavy aerosol at 1 -km resolution; cloud properties characterized by cloud phase, optical thickness, droplet size, cloud-top pressure, and temperature; aerosol properties, defined as optical thickness, particle size, and mass loading; and global distribution of total precipitable water.
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From page 111... ...
Among the best-known NASA missions is Topex;/Poseidon, conducted with France, which revolutionized our understanding of the El Nino climate patterns by providing the first global data on sea level. Another endeavor, the SeaViewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor project, has collected global sea sur1 1 1 With the primary mission of integrating the Earth sciences, instruments such as MODIS not only improve our understanding of the linkages between the oceans and climate, but they allow spatial and time series exploration unlike that of any previous generation of instruments (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 20031.
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From page 112... ...
Some of the observation satellites use technologies that can track the oceans' geophysical conditions sea surface temperature, ocean surface wind, ocean surface topography, ocean color, sea surface salinity, mixed layer depth, gravity "radiometry, laser and radar altimetry, and synthetic aperture radar and reflectivity. Remote-sensing technology, coupled with data gathered in concurrent oceanographic expeditions, will be an important component of a global exploration program.
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From page 113... ...
i; in the near term because of the specificity of the technology, a cadre of trained technicians could receive partial support from the ocean exploration program to maintain and operate novel, but essential, technology. It is important that a global ocean exploration program use standardzed, or at least compatible, sampling techniques.
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From page 114... ...
Ocean color, for example, is used as a proxy for the abundance of chlorophyll. Unfortunately, the satellite data are dominated by the signal from the uppermost tenths of centimeters of the ocean, and most of the water column goes unsampled.
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From page 115... ...
Moorings contribute time- and depth-variable data; satellite sensors provide information on variation over the global ocean surface. In situ sampling of zooplankton populations began with simple nets, ~ C J I C J I ~ but now optical and acoustic sensors collect data and transmit images almost instantly (Wiebe and Benfield, 20031.
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From page 116... ...
For those fields, visual data are becoming an increasingly valuable tool for ocean research and will be a cornerstone of ocean exploration. Still, video, and high-definition television cameras have been mounted on HOVs and ROVs.
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From page 117... ...
All of these projects could be considered the beginning of time series measurements within a global ocean exploration program. Marine Archaeology Undersea archaeology often requires equipment that is similar to that used in oceanography, although adaptations generally are necessary for specific studies.
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From page 118... ...
However, the great expense of such deep-water excavations cannot yet justify the year-round operation of vessels large enough to carry the necessary equipment and must depend on access to vessels designed for deed oceanographic research. to ~ 1 Almost all ancient wrecks currently known were found visually.
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From page 119... ...
A global ocean exploration program will no doubt stimulate new technologies, and resources should be available for the development of new tools to support selected exploration voyages or investigations.
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From page 120... ...
A global ocean exploration program will no doubt stimulate such new technologies, and resources should be available for the development of new and innovative tools to support selected exploration voyages or investigations.
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From page 121... ...
Although an exploration program cannot be the sole driver for advanced data systems in the ocean sciences, discovery will depend as much on being able to make use of multidisciplinary data in federated repositories as it will on collecting the data in the first place. The importance of data management has been receiving increased attention with new computing and technology capabilities (e.g., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 20011.
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From page 122... ...
There are few standards for video archiving, and there is no easy access to archived information. One system that shows promise is the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute's Video Information Management System, a relational database used to archive information from cameras deployed from its ROVs.
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From page 123... ...
Data grids can be found in physics research (Grid Physics Network, 2001; Hoschek et al, 2000) , in biomedical applications (Biomedical Informatics Research Network, 2001)
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From page 124... ...
They share responsibility for operating the World Data Centers to facilitate the international exchange of scientific data. NODC data holdings include physical, chemical, and biological oceanographic data for estuaries, coastal seas, and the deep oceans; NOAA marine environmental buoy data, sea level, and ocean current data; NOAA CoastWatch data and images; and satellite altimetry.
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From page 125... ...
ng databases that wi l l al low users to i nterface with the databases, regardless of the type of data accessed. Ideally, users of the exploration program's portal should be able to download data and have access to graphic presentations of the data and collection locations.
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From page 126... ...
In this way the data would be available and useful for expedition planning, but not for quantitative analysis. A default policy could provide for immediate availability through the Internet for any new data generated or acquired through the ocean exploration program, although the traditional rules of research would allow investigators some proprietary time before the public access is allowed.
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From page 127... ...
In particular, any exploration program should encourage oceanographers to improve their capacity to access and integrate data from many ocean sciences, extract new information from those data sets, and convey new insights to decision makers and the public. The proposed Exploration Program for the Oceans office should seek ways to contribute to or link exploration data to existing oceanographic and archaeological data archives.
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