Advancing the Federal Research Agenda on Violence Against Women (2004) / Chapter Skim
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2 Nature and Scope of Violence Against Women
2 Nature and Scope of Violence Against Women
Pages 35-58
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From page 35... ...
Data on these problems indicate that the risk of such victimization varies substantially across racial and ethnic groups (Dugan and Apel, 2002; Rennison and Welchans, 2000; Tjaden and Thoennes, 1998~. Nevertheless, survey research has been less successful in providing reliable estimates of the prevalence and incidence of intimate-partner violence and sexual assault, about the context of these violent events, about the developmental patterns of such violence over time, and about the ways in which women's victimization experiences may be linked to women's offending behaviors (Campbell et al., 2002a; Richie, 1996~.
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From page 36... ...
MANOR DATASETS A wide array of datasets provides information on violence against adult and/or adolescent females, although this is not always the primary focus of the various data collection efforts. Many of these datasets include information from national samples of women or large groups of U.S.
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From page 37... ...
NCVS data do permit an examination of whether and how violent victimization differs for women and men, but they have several limitations. While the redesign effort in 1992 led to improved estimates of domestic and sexual violence (see Bachman and Taylor, 1994, for a thorough description of the redesign effort and its improvements)
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From page 38... ...
National sample of adolescents, grades 7-12 Monitoring the National Future sample of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) National Youth Survey Continuous Criminal justice Yes Continuous Criminal justice Yes Continuous Criminal justice Yes Health No Continuous Health No Postpartum Continuous Health Yes women from 32 states; oversampling of various racial/ ethnic groups and women who delivered low birthweight children National sample of youth Criminal Justice No No Health ar some soci No Some hea Some hea and social No No
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From page 39... ...
NATURE AND SCOPE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN rtasets 39 is a rect question Violence rainst amen Use of Health or Social Services (by victim) Measured Etiologya Comorbid Factorsb Can Be Prevalence Assessed Data Incidence Chronicity Data Data No Yes No Yes Yes No Health and Potentially Potentially Potentially Yes Yes some social No No No No Yes No Some health Potentially No No Yes No Some health Potentially Potentially Potentially Potentially Potentially and social No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Continued
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From page 40... ...
National Hospital National Continuous Health No Health Discharge Survey sample of (NHDS) inpatient record forms for short-term hospital stays National Health Nationalsample Continuous Health No Health ar Interview Survey of households some soci (NHIS)
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From page 41... ...
NATURE AND SCOPE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 41 is a Use of rect Health or question Social Comorbid Violence Services Factorsb ,ainst (by victim) Can Be Prevalence Incidence Chronicity amen Measured Etiologya Assessed Data Data Data Health Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Health No Health No Health No No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No No No Health and Potentially Yes Potentially Potentially Potentially some social Health No No No No No No No No No No No Continued
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From page 42... ...
aRisk factors for intimate-partner violence. bother conditions that affect the magnitude of violence against women.
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From page 43... ...
States differ in their inclusion of questions on intimate-partner violence and in the types of questions asked. NOTE: Where geocodes are available, linkages could be used to examine area spatial effects on violence against women.
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From page 44... ...
This survey was unique among national surveys in its focus on respondents' lifetime histories of violence and its attention to gathering detailed information on perpetrators that could be linked across violent incidents. Despite these advantages, however, the NVAWS did not provide estimates of violent victimization that are comparable to those obtained by either the NCVS or the NSFV; the referent populations, some of the screening questions, and the quantification of series victimizations all differ.
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From page 45... ...
The National Youth Survey is a nationally representative longitudinal survey of 1,725 persons who were aged 11-17 in 1976 when the study began and are now aged 37~3. The study has collected information on these individuals over time to assess their changing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with regard to deviance, exposure to delinquent peers, self-reported depression, delinquency, drug and alcohol use, victimization, pregnancy, abortion, use of mental health and outpatient services, violence by respondent and acquaintances, use of controlled drugs, and sexual activity.
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From page 46... ...
Furthermore, these general population surveys rarely oversample racial minorities, and the data collection methods used (telephone and mail surveys) frequently preclude obtaining information on institutionalized and homeless women's experiences of violent victimization.
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From page 47... ...
Existing longitudinal studies place the past-year prevalence of intimate-partner physical abuse against women in the 20-50 percent range. Among all the surveys/studies of the prevalence of intimate-partner physical abuse victimization shown in Table 2-2, only the NCVS and the NVAWS report women's victimization as being higher than that of men; the others indicate that men report higher rates of severe and overall victimization.
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From page 48... ...
couple n = 3,520 National Alcohol 1992 Married and cohabiting Conflict Tactics 9.1% over and Family Violence persons aged 18+ Scale, modified 1.9% sevt Survey n = 1,970 NationalAlcohol 1995 Married and cohabiting couples Conflict Tactics 5.21%a to Survey n = 1,599 couples Scale, modified National Violence 1995-1996 Persons aged 18+ Conflict Tactics 1.3% Against Women n = 8,000 women, 8,000 men Scale, modified Survey Married and cohabiting Conflict Tactics 1.1% persons aged 18+ Scale, modified n = 5,982 men, 5,655 women NationalCrime 2001 Persons aged 12+ 0.43% Victimization n = 79,950 Survey Longitudinal Studies Dunedin 1993-1994 Study participants aged 21 Physical abuse 40.9% Multidisciplinary who were in romantic scale (CTS plus Health and relationships and their 4 additional items) Development Study partners n = 360 couples Study participants aged 21 Conflict Tactics 38.8% who were married or cohabiting Scale n = 250 Study participants age 21 who Conflict Tactics 27.1% ova were married, cohabiting, Scale or dating n = 861 NationalYouth 1992 Study participants who were Conflict Tactics 20.2% ant Survey married or cohabiting Scale n= 1,340 aBoth partners reported the act occurred.
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From page 49... ...
NATURE AND SCOPE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN V) 49 % Reporting IPV Physical Abuse Victimization ment Female Male Total Tactics 12.1% overall, 11.6% overall, 16.0% overall 3.8% severe 4.6% severe 6.1% severe Tactics 11.3% overall, 12.1% overall, 15.8% overall edified 3.0% severe 4.4% severe 5.8% severe Tactics 9.1% overall, 9.5% overall, edified 1.9% severe 4.5% severe Tactics 5.21%a to 13.61%b 6.22%a to 18.21%b 7.84%a to 21.48%b edified Tactics 1.3% 0.9% edified Tactics 1.1% 0.6% edified 0.43% 0.08% 0.26% abuse 40.9% 47.4% ES plus anal items, Tactics 38.8% 55.8°X Tactics 27.1% overall, 12.7% severe 34.1% overall, 21.2% severe Tactics 20.2% any, 5.7% severe 27.9% any, 13.8% severe
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From page 50... ...
to model risk factors for all cases of nonlethal violent victimization of women. They note that until recently, researchers limited investigations of violence to African-American and white women, lumping groups such as Asian/Pacific Islanders and Native Americans into a generic "other"
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From page 51... ...
found that risk factors for female perpetrators of partner violence include disturbed family relationships, especially weak attachments, harsh discipline, and conflict between parents. Although most research in this field reflects the belief that female victimization may be driven by some factors that differ from those affecting rates of male victimization, existing longitudinal studies point to risk factors that are similar to those for other kinds of criminal offending and victimization (Moffitt and Caspi, 1999; Straus and Gelles, 1992; Elliott et 2An important exception is the survey by Tjaden and Thoennes (2000)
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From page 52... ...
One concern noted in Understanding Violence Against Women is that part of what is known about the health of abused women is provided by studies using samples drawn from women seeking medical care or from health plan populations. Such samples may not be representative of all victims: there may be differences in injury types, and uninsured women may not seek care.
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From page 53... ...
Both income and physical abuse contributed to women's rates of physical health symptoms, and abuse contributed to the variance in physical health beyond that predicted by income level alone. Additional research is needed to further explain the direct and indirect causes of health problems experienced by victims of abuse.
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From page 54... ...
. Considering that intimate-partner homicide is often preceded by a history of intimate-partner violence, the exposure reduction framework holds that the impact of social changes that help abused women exit violent relationships or prevent women from entering such relationships may also reduce the rate of intimate lethal victimization.
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From page 55... ...
· Whether risk factors for violence against women could be estimated from the survey. Despite the variations in the quality of the various surveys listed in Table 2-1, creating linkages among existing survey data would provide important additional resources for scholars interested in the contexts and outcomes of violent victimization.
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From page 56... ...
The NSFV suggests that abuse has a normative criterion but uses the terms "abuse," "assault," and "violence" relatively interchangeably, differentiating only between what are termed "minor" and "severe" violent acts based on the potential risk of injury (Straus and Gelles, 1992:75-85~. These terms fail to distinguish among physical violence, physical aggression, and psychological abuse.
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From page 57... ...
It is important to recognize that "when violence occurs it is not an isolated event in peoples' lives, but is embedded firmly in the process of interpersonal communication which people use to regulate their lives" . Research on the "sparks," motivations, interaction patterns, and decision making associated with violent events can identify leverage points for reducing the threat of violence or averting it entirely.
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From page 58... ...
Studies of these interaction patterns in domestic violence show how personality factors interact with situational contexts to launch interaction dynamics that end in assaults by male intimate partners against women (see Jacobson and Gottman, 1998; Wilkinson and Hamerschlag, 2002; Wilkinson and Pagan, 2001~. Replications and extensions of this research should encompass a more diverse set of relationships and different types of assault.
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