Measuring What Matters Allocation, Planning, and Quality Assessment for the Ryan White CARE Act (2004) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
3 Public Health and HIV/AIDS Surveillance
3 Public Health and HIV/AIDS Surveillance
Pages 73-86
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 73... ...
In this report, the Committee distinguishes between the terms "surveillance" and "case reporting." Surveillance is a more comprehensive term for data collection that can include case reporting, as well as other methods, such as population-based surveys, seroprevalence surveys, and behavioral risk factor surveillance. Case reporting is a subset of surveillance activities in which individuals who are diagnosed with specific diseases or conditions are reported to public health authorities (state or local health departments)
|
From page 74... ...
In the United States, legal authority to require reporting of diseases resides primarily at the state level. In some states, legislation specifies reporting requirements for particular diseases; in others, legislation delegates authority to the state health department or local boards of health to designate reportable disease by regulation; and some states use both (Thacker, 2000)
|
From page 75... ...
Reporting laws that do not include the collection of names or other personally identifiable information rarely raise privacy concerns. However, the Supreme Court has struck down a state law requiring physicians to report abortion procedures because, even though the law did not require reporting names, "the amount of information about [a patient]
|
From page 76... ...
Data transfer from the state to national and international levels is computerized, while data transfer from practitioners and local health departments to state health departments occurs through mail, fax, phone, and computer. Some categorical public health prevention programs funded primarily by CDC,5 including childhood immunizations, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
|
From page 77... ...
, many civil libertarians and gay-rights organizations were strongly opposed to name-based reporting of HIV infection because they did not trust the government to safeguard such information, and were concerned 6 AIDS surveillance data, like other government-held health information in the United States, are subject to stringent legal protections of privacy. For example, in accordance with U.S.
|
From page 78... ...
. As of October 2003, 34 states, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, and Guam had implemented the same confidential name-based reporting of HIV infection as is used for AIDS reporting and other reportable diseases and conditions.
|
From page 79... ...
A brief case study of HIV reporting in San Francisco shows how the system works in practice (Box 3-1)
|
From page 80... ...
This can be due to failure of patients to present for diagnosis, failure of physicians to diagnose, failure of physicians to report, and failures within the health department itself to count cases owing to misclassification or other reasons. In addition to public health disease reporting, a number of different techniques have been designed to estimate the prevalence of disease and infections -- both clinically apparent and subclinical -- in a
|
From page 81... ...
However, HIV reporting had not been implemented in the city of Philadelphia as of October 2003. hRequires name-based reports of symptomatic HIV infection and AIDS and has a name-tocode system for reporting asymptomatic HIV cases.
|
From page 82... ...
cities, CDC decided against attempting a random household survey of the United States to estimate HIV prevalence because of potential nonresponse bias. The agency decided instead to construct a composite estimate from various clinical populations at high risk of HIV infection, such as STD clinics, drug treatment centers, and women's health centers.
|
From page 83... ...
Providers must retain a cross reference log that links the Soundex to the patient's name to enable health department staff to follow up. The Statistics and Epidemiology Section of the San Francisco Department of Public Health analyzes the data and presents the information to community groups and scientific meetings.
|
From page 84... ...
CDC is currently conducting one part of its HIV surveillance evaluation study using capture-recapture techniques. Methods that make use of information on AIDS incidence and on natural history, such as "back calculation," may also be of use; but application of such methods is more challenging than was the case earlier in the epidemic because of the impact of treatment on natural history of the disease.
|
From page 85... ...
1999. Guidelines for national human immunodeficiency virus case surveil lance, including monitoring for human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
|
From page 86... ...
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 29:504 10. Thacker SB.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.