Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information Two Volumes (1959) / Chapter Skim
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Scientific, Technical, and Economic Information in a Research Organization
Scientific, Technical, and Economic Information in a Research Organization
Pages 613-648
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From page 613... ...
MARES CIGANIK Cables andInsulating Materials Research Institute,Bratislava,Czechoslovakia.
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From page 614... ...
Literature search defines an activity steadily aimed at ascertaining sources of information from a determined scientific or manufacturing branch. Literature research indicates an activity of ascertaining and utilizing scientific and technical experiences discovered in information sources in the course of a literature search, and in addition to literature sources (e.g., samples and products)
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From page 615... ...
Branches of secondary importance closely related to the main topic are: the whole field of electrical engineering as regards the application of electrical conductors, cables and insulating materials; further the whole field of macromolecular, chiefly rubber and plastics, chemistry; of varnish chemistry and the related chemical technologies. Measuring techniques and testing practice, mathematics, physics, chemistry, analytical and physical chemistry, machinery and painting technics are considered distantly related to the main topic, principally with reference to the application aspect, i.e., to the cable and insulating material technique.
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6~6 Monographs, Compendlia, and! Specialized Centers for Retrieval AREA 3 .U V, · .= o !
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From concepts treated up to this point, it may be concluded that literature search proper may be performed in a high-grade and economic way by a worker having a thorough specialised knowledge not only of the main field but also of those of relative secondary importance. If several scientific fields are covered in the main topic, a further specialization is desirable.
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From page 618... ...
In our country, this activity is incorrectly called "passive documentation.~' Abstracting search has the characteristics of a supplementary search, mainly as an additional periodical search. It consists of following the special abstracting periodicals and separate cards services, and of working up sources not involved when performing other types of search.
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The ratio between references taken from original sources and from abstracting journals and cards services is actually I:l, and the total is 12,000 abstracts a year. With all searches, but particularly in periodical ones, the ascertaining of sources is related both to the general thematic search plan (main and borderline in question is, at this point, interesting)
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From page 620... ...
For abstracting patent literature, a special method, described in the section dealing with results of search, was developed. The objects of trade literature search are specialized journals and house organs mentioned in the section on periodical search, and, in particular, advertisements appearing in these periodicals; further, industrial shows, trade literature obtained regularly from firms or centers of trade literature, as well as lectures of individual firm representatives.
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The further search, namely a scanning of assigned periodicals is done by the specialized group leader within the study department teng~neers', whereas b~bi~ograph~cat acqu~s~ve and cooperative search is done by the librarian-in-chief, and, finally, abstracting and part of supplementary search is done by the individual documentalists with reference to their specialization. A control search, in addition, is effected officially for a definite special field by scientific workers from research, with particular reference to application.
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On the other hand, a highly skilled study department head and specialized group leaders considerably increase the efficiency level of research activity. , O O SPECIAL SEARCHES-LITERATURE REVIEWING General type search is characterized by its prevailing practice feature, whereas special search is predominantly retrospective.
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Such sources may be, after all, compilations of special search results. A requirement of an absolute degree of completeness is unrealistic, for it cannot be attainer!
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Literature search is usually performed exclusively by the study department, whereas this is only partly true of the literature research which is performed within the study department as wed as within the research laboratories. It is further depenclent on the kinds of research tasks as well as on the time provided for the solution of these tasks.
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The controversy may be settled easily if a systematic general search of the fielc3-in question existed and exists, for the possibility of finishing a special search within a short time and of gaining valuable results increases with the amount of literature found in the files and with the length of the time interval. This requirement is, however, not met in all cases, because the study department's activity is only of recent date.
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626 Monographs, Compendia' and Specialized Centersfor Retrieval AREA 3 4= ~ E ° ~ ~ , ~ ' ' ~ ._ " ~ V ~ ~ ~ ~ _5= ° ~ ~ ,,, 5 1 _ 5 ~ ~ 2 ~ C ~ ~ ° ~ ~ U y 5 o ~ ~ ~ e5 ~ = 5 e ~ 5 =: ~ it ~— ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .
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CIGARS Information in a Czechoslovakian Research Organization ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ to 0 ~ c' — SO 41.)
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A study stage is therefore suggested; the study department works out a comprehensive literature review on a comprehensive literature search; a designated team, of which the literature research worker is a member, ejects a literature research; and the study stage is concluded with a study report. When new problems are involvecl, a study stage is inevitable.
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Generally, after any comprehensive search, a systematic continual search is started, and a special factual information search is always useful during the solution of a task. In the fifth stage of research activity, a more detailed economic analysis of the solution has to be effected; in particular the economically most advantageous solution and its dependence on the quality of the solution must be indicated.
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From page 630... ...
In a further stage, when the signalling literature review is extended to a comprehensive one, the working program is established in such a way that other members of the study department specializing in standard, patent, and trade literature are called upon. Search is then effected by the team, the leading worker using the direct method and the others the inverse one.
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when the study department is going to take part in the literature research. I am not going to treat literature research here, even though some types of search, mainly in patents and also economic studies, where market search represents the first stage, are covered.
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It is based on the author's own suggestion which was verified in practice and tested at VUKI. TREATMENT OF PATENT AND TRADE LITERATURES In this section under the term "patent literature" are covered patent applications, patent specifications, and all types of secondary publications with tnformation on inventions such as the abstractingjournals Official Gazette (OG)
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If patents of a country not issuing abstracts are treated, universal abstracting journals such as Chemical Abstracts, Rubber Abstracts, and Technisches Zentralblatt may be sometimes uses! or, alternatively, such an abstract has to be prepared by a photographic technique, i.e., by photographing the main claim and the basic figure.
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systematic file is the so-called evidence card file arranged according to the detailed patent classification scheme of the relative country. Evidence cards are characterized by a collective sheet written for several patents, and, in this case, a cumulative file is meant.
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For some countries such as the United States and the German Federal Republic, it is appropriate to use a cumulative file for the accession list, because, in the abstracting journals, the accession arrangement of abstracts is maintained, whereas for other countries such as Great Britain it is useful to build a file with cards of A6 size, since the "Abridgements" are arranged according to "Groups" and it is, in the majority of cases, necessary to follow more than one group. This file or list is used as an accession file or list, and makes possible the identification of a specification if the patent number is known.
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From page 636... ...
The whole system then becomes more expensive, disregarding the fact that the original specifications or their microfilms are not, in all cases, necessary, mainly when a broader following of less related subjects is concerned. The preceding system may be, in addition, fundamentally improved by introducing two further files: an alphabetic file off rms (assignees)
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Since the Government Office for Inventions and Standardization has previous specifications arranged according to the patent classes of the various countries, the latter procedure is also advantageous tor securing loans. It is also well for the microfilms of the original specifications to have the patent number visible on the margin.
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Cutting the abstracts, putting them into pocket cards, and filing for 1000 specifications requires 35 hours of work. For microfilming 500 original specifications averaging 6 pages each, 30 hours are required, and for putting them into pocket cards 10 hours are required.
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In this way a cumulative systematic file according to the patent subclasses of the individual countries is built. The original pocket cards are transferred to the systematic file built according to the UDC.
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Current treatment of patents Retrospective treatment of patent literature was the main topic involved when describing the methods of work used. For us, this point is of utmost importance, because following of patents was neglected and now it is urgent to fill quickly the gap that resulted.
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, and, finally, directly by following the relative subclass original specifications at the SUVN. When doing this, the cumulative file, arranged according to the patent subclasses, which may be always taken along, becomes important, and the granting of the patent may be indicated on the relative cards.
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This cooperation is based on the SUVN's activity concerned with sencling to the individual centers, immediately after arrival at the SUVN library, the original patent specifications. In this way information on patents is received as much as two months sooner than some abstracting journals.
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For each specification, a very short abstract in one or two sentences is made to give the object of the patent. These abstracts, more properly caged short annotations, would be written in columns of the same width as in patent abstracting journals.
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In a further stage, relative search and treatment of abstracting journals using the indicated method of work are ejected. The pocket cards containing data and specification microfilms prepared in cooperation with the SUVN are already available, and are normally in the operating cycle.
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APPENDIX ~ List of periodicals and abstracting journals Abridgements of Patent Specifications Group II, III, IV, V, VIII, XXXVI A.C.E.C. Revue Amaterske radio American Documentation Analytical Abstracts Analytical Chemistry Angewandre Chemie Annalen der Physik Aplikace matematiky Application and Industry Archiv der elektrischen Uebertragung Archiv fur Elektrotechnik Archiwum Elektrotechniki Aslib Proceedings ASTM Bulletin ATM Auszuge aus den Patentanmeldungen Beama Journal Bell Laboratories Record Bell.
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From page 646... ...
Resins, Rubbers, Plastics Revue de la Documentation Revue generale de 1 Electricite Revue Generale du Caoutchouc Review of current literature relating to the paint., colour, varnish and allied industry Rubber Abstracts Rubber Age Rubber Age and Synthetics Rubber Chemistry and Technology Rubber World Sciencia Electrica Schweizer Archiv fur angewandte Wissenschaft und Technik Sdelovac~ technika Slaboproudy obzor Siemens-Zeitschrift
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From page 647... ...
Engineers Transactions of the Faraday Society Uspekhi khimii U.S. Government Research Reports Vynalezy a normalisace VDE Fachberichte Vestnik svyazi Vestnik elektropromyshlennosti Villamossag Westinghouse Engineer Wire and Wire Products Wiadomosci Elektrotechniczne Zavodskaya laboratorya Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie Zentralblatt der Ungarischen Technik Zhurnal analitichesko~ khimii Zhurnal eksperimentalno!
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