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5 Protective Measures
Pages 68-85

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From page 68...
... Detailed plans are in place in the communities near commercial nuclear power reactors that address incidents that proceed from a notification of unusual event all the way through a general emergency. Sheltering, evacuation, food interdiction, and so on are reviewed, in addition to postincident response measures.
From page 69...
... States have developed response plans to guide them through the decision-making process in connection with an incident to mitigate the consequences of large events. The emergencypreparedness plans include predetermined actions related to credible scenarios that enable quick responses to ensure public safety with limited initial information.
From page 70...
... in addition to the assistance requested for an unusual event, authorities augment emergency response resources, provide confirmatory offsite radiation monitoring or ingestion
From page 71...
... Radioactive material` releases are not expected to exceed EPA Protective Action Guideline Exposure Levels except near the site boundary. It assures that state and locals authorities have manned emergency operation centers, dispatched monitoring teams, activated personnel required for evacuation, placed reception centers on standby, and are capable of providing the public with updates of the situation.
From page 72...
... Emergency workers who might be exposed to radiation while performing assigned duties include law-enforcement officers, firefighters, emergency medical personnel, and other responders performing activities in areas with increased radiation fields. While the overall objective is to minimize individuals' radiation exposure to the maximum extent possible, protective actions for the public and dose limits for emergency workers are based on different assumptions.
From page 73...
... The general public should be given KI only if this action is expected to result in a minimization of the total risk. Strategies for the General Public Radiological Emergency Response Plans for NPP incidents are designed to simplify the decision-making process for local responsible authorities, to avoid radiation exposure and perform lifesaving activities.
From page 74...
... is the period at the beginning of a nuclear incident when immediate decisions for effective use of protective actions are required and must therefore usually be based primarily on the status of the nuclear facility and the prognosis for worsening conditions. This phase may last from hours to days." "The intermediate phase (also referred to as the ingestion phase)
From page 75...
... The EPZ is determined by the actions needed for emergency response, the source term for the radiation, the time required to respond, and the consequences of a credible event. The Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents Report No.
From page 76...
... d) projected doses from the traditional design basis accident would not exceed Protective Action Guide levels outside the zone; projected doses from most core melt sequences would not exceed Protective Action Guide levels outside the zone; for the worst core melt sequences, immediate life threatening doses would generally not occur outside the zone; detailed planning within 10 miles would provide a substantial base for expansion of response efforts in the event that this proved necessary." "...the plume exposure EPZ is of sufficient size for actions within this zone to provide for substantial reduction in early severe health effects (injuries or deaths)
From page 77...
... provides a combination of the existing Protective Action Guides (PAG) recommended for evacuation or sheltering for the early phase provided in the Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents Report No.
From page 78...
... Administration Adults over 40 >500 Requires approval of stable iodine yrs remb by a medical official as Adults over 18 >10 determined by through 40 years remb individual state law. Birth through 18 >5 remb yrs Pregnant or lactating women aSheltering may be the preferred protective action when it will provide protection equal to or greater than evacuation, based on consideration of factors such as source term characteristics, temporal or other site-specif~c conditions (See USEPA, ~ 992~.
From page 79...
... The primary focus is on preventing ingestion of radioactive material. The Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents Report No.
From page 80...
... determined the appropriate size of an intermediate phase EPZ as follows: "The size of the ingestion exposure EPZ (about 50 miles in radius, which also includes the lO-mile radius plume exposure EPZ) was selected because: a)
From page 81...
... Environmental information is generally available because the release is terminated and plume deposition has occurred, allowing evaluation by emergency-response teams. Protective actions during the intermediate phase include not only protection against the ingestion of radioactive material but also protection against external exposure due to ionizing radiation from plume deposition.
From page 82...
... aThe projected sum of effective dose equivalent from external gamma radiation and committed effective dose equivalent from inhalation of resuspended materials, from exposure or intake during the first year. Projected dose refers to the dose that would be received in the absence of shielding from structures or the application of dose reduction techniques.
From page 83...
... . Although the FDA Web site indicates that "only the KI products approved by FDA may be legally marketed in the United States", other Web sites advertise numerous products for radioprotective use.
From page 84...
... The instructions are carefully detailed but may be impractical in an emergency situation. Therefore, there is a need for development of practical dosage forms (for example, 32-mg tablets or liquid formulations)
From page 85...
... is considered to be "very stable" when protected from moist air (KI is deliquescent and can release iodine and form iodate) , additional testing "is probably unnecessary as long as the market package remains intact and continues to be stored under controlled conditions as described in the labeling." A recommended protocol for shelf-life extension is also described with guidelines for accelerated stability testing with increased temperature and humidity)


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