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From page 245... ... See Board on Agriculture and APHIS. See Animal and Plant Health Natural Resources Inspection Service Barriers Apomixis (asexually produced seeds) Read the entire page →
From page 246... ... 246 INDEX compliance, 190�191 unacceptability of some methods cost of compliance, 192�193 under some circumstances, 185 defined, 15�16 verification, monitoring, and the defining risk, 30�35 efficacy of confinement, 191 delaying the evolution of resistance, Bioconfinement of animals, 130�158 52�53 bioconfinement of fish and shellfish, early evaluation, 181�182 132�153 effects on nontarget species, 52 bioconfinement of insects, 153�158 ensuring efficacy of, 6�10 Bioconfinement of bacteria, viruses, and experimental information on efficacy, fungi, 160�179 183�184 displacement of indigenous food safety and other issues, 53 populations, 164�165 history of, 19�25 ecosystem and population effects, and human error, 191�192 177�178 increases in spatial and temporal effectiveness of methods at different scale, 193 temporal and spatial scales, 176� increasing the efficacy of, 189�193 177 natural events, 192 failed or inappropriate methods of necessary for trees, 105�106 microbial bioconfinement, 176 need for, 55�56 fitness reduction, 169�176 need for preventive actions, 53�54 horizontal genetic transfer into local options based on technology and populations, 165�169 gene-specific compounds, 185 invasion into indigenous populations, predicting the consequences of failure, 161�164 56�58 microalgae, 179 private litigation, 193 monitoring, detection, and culling- rationale for, 3�4 needs, feasibility, and realities, redundancy, 182�183 178 transparency and public participation, Bioconfinement of fish and shellfish, 132� 189�190 153 unacceptability of some methods abandoned and inappropriate under some circumstances, 185 methods, 152�153 when and why to consider, 29�64 combining triploidization with who decides, 58�64 interspecific hybrids, 152 Bioconfinement concerns, 35�52 disruption of sexual reproduction, about field-released GEOs, 48�52 132�145 gene dispersal and persistence, 38�48 gene blocking and gene knockout, potential effects, 36�38 145�151 Bioconfinement failure, 194�195 naturally sterile interspecific hybrids, detecting and mitigating, 10�11 151�152 failed or inappropriate methods of Bioconfinement of insects, 153�158 microbial, 176 ecological characteristics of managing, 124�129 production site, 157�158 predicting the consequences of, 56�58 fitness reduction and regulation of StarLink corn, 34 gene expression, 158 Bioconfinement methods, 4 sterile insect technique, 153�156 in animals, 4�5 transgenic sterile insects, 156�157 in microbes, 5�6 Bioconfinement of plants, 65�129 in plants, 4, 66�68 effectiveness at different spatial and social acceptability of, 25�28 temporal scales, 122�124 for transgenic turfgrasses, 120�121 genetically engineered trees, 98�114 Read the entire page →
From page 247... ... , 81 cleistogamy (closed flowers) , 81 strengths, 81 nontransgenic male sterility, 76�77 weaknesses, 81 transgenes in chloroplast DNA, 79�81 Committee on Biological Confinement of transgenic male sterility, 77�78 Genetically Engineered Bioconfinement of transgenes in trees, Organisms, 2, 30, 130 outlook for, 113�114 Community effects, 126�129 Bioconfinement of trees, 98, 104�106 Competition, heightened, 141 Bioconfinement redundancy, 17 Compliance Biological and operational considerations cost of, 192�193 for bioconfinement, 180�198 and the efficacy of confinement, 190� bioconfinement failure, 194�195 191 execution of confinement, 185�193 Concerns, 35�52 international aspects, 193�194 about field-released GEOs, 48�52 looking to the future: strategic public about gene dispersal and persistence, investment in bioconfinement 38�48 research, 195�198 about potential effects, 36�38 "Biological containment," 20 See Bioconfinement concerns BLS. Read the entire page →
From page 248... ... , 125 identifiable markers, 187�189 Eradication or control of escaped Dispersal biology of organisms targeted for organisms, 189 genetic engineering and release, Ethical factors influencing application and recommendation to support regulation of particular additional scientific research to techniques, 197 develop better understanding of, Evaluation, early, 181�182 197 Evolutionary persistence of transgenes, Dispersal of transgenes, concerns about, concerns about, 47�48 38, 46�47 Excision of transgenes before reproduction, Displacement of indigenous populations, 84 164�165 strengths, 84 bacteria, 164�165 weaknesses, 84 viruses, 164 Execution of confinement, 185�193 Disruption of sexual reproduction, 132� decision making, 185�186 145 eradication or control of escaped organisms, 189 increasing the efficacy of confinement, E 189�193 Early cell division, normal steps in, 134 integrated confinement system, 186� 187 Early evaluation, 181�182 recommendation to consider the need monitoring and detection technology, for bioconfinement early in the 187�189 research, 186 development of a GEO or its products, 182 Experimental information on efficacy, 183� Ecological characteristics, of production 184 recommendation to compare the novel sites, 157�158 Ecological consequences, of large-scale use genotype with its progenitor of bioconfinement, 11�13 before field release, 183�184 recommendation to test confinement Economic factors influencing application and regulation of particular techniques before putting them techniques, 197 into application, 183 Read the entire page →
From page 249... ... , 62 evolutionary persistence of transgenes, Festuca arundinacea, 119 47�48 Field release choice, 96�97 genetically engineered organisms, 39 Field-released GEOs, 48�52 how transgenes disperse, 38, 46�47 extinction of wild taxa, 50�51 Gene expression gene flow to other domesticated flower- and fruit-specific, 94�95 organisms, 50�51 roots and tuber-specific, 93�94 weediness or invasiveness, 49�50 Gene flow Field Testing Genetically Modified from genetically engineered Organisms, 160 organisms, 4 First International Symposium on to other domesticated organisms, Sustainable Fish Farming, 23 concerns about, 50�51 Fish, bioconfinement of, 132�153 potential for, 118�120 Fitness handicaps, 91�93, 112 Gene knockout, 150�151 strengths, 92 strengths and weaknesses, 150�151 weaknesses, 92�93 Gene silencing, 103, 111�112 Fitness reduction, 169�176 Gene Tools, 150 1776, 172 Genetic bioconfinement, strategies for fish, phenotypic handicapping, 169�173 147 and regulation of gene expression, "Genetic use restriction technologies" 158 (GURTs) , 26 strengths, 91 Genetically Engineered Food Alert, 24 suicide genes, 173�176 Genetically engineered species, 17 in transgenic crop-wild progeny, 90� Genetically engineered organisms, 1 91 concerns about, 39 weaknesses, 91 current and future, 36�38 Flavr SavrTM tomato, 36 defined, 14�15 Flower- and fruit-specific gene expression, finfish, 39�41 94�95 gene flow from, 4 Food safety issues, 53 insects, 45 Fungi marine microorganisms, 42 bioconfinement of, 169�179 marine plants, 41�42 horizontal genetic transfer into local microbes, 44�45 populations, 168�169 mollusks, 41 invasion into indigenous populations, terrestrial plants, 42�44 161�162 Genetically engineered trees, 98�114 phenotypic handicapping, 172�173 bioconfinement of, 98, 104�106 suicide genes, 174�175 Read the entire page →
From page 250... ... gene International aspects, 19, 193�194 expression, 93 recommendation to consider potential GURTs. See "Genetic use restriction effects of a confinement failure technologies" on other nations, 194 recommendation to pursue international cooperation to H adequately manage confinement of GEOs, 194 Horizontal genetic transfer, 38, 165�169 Interspecific hybrids, 69 bacteria, 167�168 strengths, 69 fungi, 168�169 weaknesses, 69 viruses, 166 Invasion biology, recommendation to HR. Read the entire page →
From page 251... ... , techniques, 197 20, 25 Lolium multiflorum Lam., 119 Nontarget organisms, effects on, 107�108 Nontarget species, effects on, 52 Nontransgenic male sterility, 76�77 M Nontransgenic scions on transgenic rootstock, 83�84 Managing confinement failure, 124�129 strengths, 83 population, community, and weaknesses, 83�84 ecosystem effects, 126�129 Methods of bioconfinement. See Bioconfinement methods O Microalgae, 179 Microbes, 5�6 Office of Management and Budget, 61 Monitoring Oliver, Melvin, 23 difficulty of, 11 Operational considerations, for needs, feasibility, and realities, 178 bioconfinement, 180�198 Monitoring confinement failure, 124�129 Options for bioconfinement of plants, 110� Monitoring technology, 187�189 113 Monsanto, 23, 26, 115 based on technology and gene-specific Mortality of vegetative propagules, 75�76 compounds, 185 strengths, 76 fitness handicaps, 112 weaknesses, 76 gene silencing, 111�112 Mosaic individuals, 140 plastid engineering, 113 sterility, 110�111 tissue-specific expression, 112�113 N triploidy, 111 Organism choice, 96 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Read the entire page →
From page 252... ... , 75 bioconfinement, 196 Proposed bioconfinement of transgenic to evaluate each GEO separately, 181 Atlantic salmon, 137�139 to identify economic, legal, ethical, Proposed transgenic bioconfinement and social factors influencing methods in plants, 73 application and regulation of Pseudomonas syringae, 22 particular techniques, 197 to incorporate transparency and public participation in R bioconfinement techniques and approaches, 189�190 RAC. See Recombinant DNA Advisory to pursue international cooperation to Committee adequately manage confinement RAFI. Read the entire page →
From page 253... ... See Sterile insect technique (SIT) weaknesses, 87 Social acceptability of bioconfinement "Repressor" molecules, 147 methods, 25�28 Resistance, delaying the evolution of, 52�53 case study of the technology Reversible transgenic sterility, 72�75 protection system- strengths, 74 "terminator," 25�27 weaknesses, 74�75 consequentialism and public Risk assessment and management, 33 acceptance, 27�28 Risk assessment matrix, 32 Social factors influencing application and Risks, 30�35 regulation of particular associated with gene flow into natural techniques, 197 populations, 106�107 Spatial scales confinement failure with StarLink effectiveness of, 122�123 corn, 34 increases in and the efficacy of systematic risk assessment and confinement, 193 management, 33 "Split registrations," 34 Risks of most concern with trees, 106�110 Stability of transgenic confinement, 102�103 effects on nontarget organisms, 107� StarLink: Impacts on the United States 108 Corn Market and World Trade, instability of transgene expression, 110 35 secondary phenotypic effects of StarLink corn, 23 transgenesis, 108�109 StarLinkTM Situation, The, 35 RNA silencing, 111�112 "Sterile feral" technology, 146 Rockefeller Foundation, 26 Sterile insect technique (SIT) Read the entire page →
From page 254... ... See Genetically engineered trees Triploid sterilization, combining with all T female lines, 142�144 Triploidization, combining with T-GURT. See Trait genetic use restriction interspecific hybrids, 152 technology strengths and weaknesses, 152 Taco Bell brand taco shells, 24 Triploidy, 111 "Tandem constructs," 90 Technology Protection System (TPS) Read the entire page →
From page 255... ... , 72�75, 84, 87 Vascular-tissue-specific gene expression, 94 Viruses W bioconfinement of, 169�179 displacement of indigenous Weediness, concerns about, 49�50 populations, 164 Wild hybrid, Festuca arundinacea and Lolium multiflorum Lam., 119 Read the entire page →

From page 245...

... See Board on Agriculture and APHIS. See Animal and Plant Health Natural Resources Inspection Service Barriers Apomixis (asexually produced seeds)

Read the entire page →

From page 246...

... 246 INDEX compliance, 190�191 unacceptability of some methods cost of compliance, 192�193 under some circumstances, 185 defined, 15�16 verification, monitoring, and the defining risk, 30�35 efficacy of confinement, 191 delaying the evolution of resistance, Bioconfinement of animals, 130�158 52�53 bioconfinement of fish and shellfish, early evaluation, 181�182 132�153 effects on nontarget species, 52 bioconfinement of insects, 153�158 ensuring efficacy of, 6�10 Bioconfinement of bacteria, viruses, and experimental information on efficacy, fungi, 160�179 183�184 displacement of indigenous food safety and other issues, 53 populations, 164�165 history of, 19�25 ecosystem and population effects, and human error, 191�192 177�178 increases in spatial and temporal effectiveness of methods at different scale, 193 temporal and spatial scales, 176� increasing the efficacy of, 189�193 177 natural events, 192 failed or inappropriate methods of necessary for trees, 105�106 microbial bioconfinement, 176 need for, 55�56 fitness reduction, 169�176 need for preventive actions, 53�54 horizontal genetic transfer into local options based on technology and populations, 165�169 gene-specific compounds, 185 invasion into indigenous populations, predicting the consequences of failure, 161�164 56�58 microalgae, 179 private litigation, 193 monitoring, detection, and culling- rationale for, 3�4 needs, feasibility, and realities, redundancy, 182�183 178 transparency and public participation, Bioconfinement of fish and shellfish, 132� 189�190 153 unacceptability of some methods abandoned and inappropriate under some circumstances, 185 methods, 152�153 when and why to consider, 29�64 combining triploidization with who decides, 58�64 interspecific hybrids, 152 Bioconfinement concerns, 35�52 disruption of sexual reproduction, about field-released GEOs, 48�52 132�145 gene dispersal and persistence, 38�48 gene blocking and gene knockout, potential effects, 36�38 145�151 Bioconfinement failure, 194�195 naturally sterile interspecific hybrids, detecting and mitigating, 10�11 151�152 failed or inappropriate methods of Bioconfinement of insects, 153�158 microbial, 176 ecological characteristics of managing, 124�129 production site, 157�158 predicting the consequences of, 56�58 fitness reduction and regulation of StarLink corn, 34 gene expression, 158 Bioconfinement methods, 4 sterile insect technique, 153�156 in animals, 4�5 transgenic sterile insects, 156�157 in microbes, 5�6 Bioconfinement of plants, 65�129 in plants, 4, 66�68 effectiveness at different spatial and social acceptability of, 25�28 temporal scales, 122�124 for transgenic turfgrasses, 120�121 genetically engineered trees, 98�114

Read the entire page →

From page 247...

... , 81 cleistogamy (closed flowers) , 81 strengths, 81 nontransgenic male sterility, 76�77 weaknesses, 81 transgenes in chloroplast DNA, 79�81 Committee on Biological Confinement of transgenic male sterility, 77�78 Genetically Engineered Bioconfinement of transgenes in trees, Organisms, 2, 30, 130 outlook for, 113�114 Community effects, 126�129 Bioconfinement of trees, 98, 104�106 Competition, heightened, 141 Bioconfinement redundancy, 17 Compliance Biological and operational considerations cost of, 192�193 for bioconfinement, 180�198 and the efficacy of confinement, 190� bioconfinement failure, 194�195 191 execution of confinement, 185�193 Concerns, 35�52 international aspects, 193�194 about field-released GEOs, 48�52 looking to the future: strategic public about gene dispersal and persistence, investment in bioconfinement 38�48 research, 195�198 about potential effects, 36�38 "Biological containment," 20 See Bioconfinement concerns BLS.

Read the entire page →

From page 248...

... , 125 identifiable markers, 187�189 Eradication or control of escaped Dispersal biology of organisms targeted for organisms, 189 genetic engineering and release, Ethical factors influencing application and recommendation to support regulation of particular additional scientific research to techniques, 197 develop better understanding of, Evaluation, early, 181�182 197 Evolutionary persistence of transgenes, Dispersal of transgenes, concerns about, concerns about, 47�48 38, 46�47 Excision of transgenes before reproduction, Displacement of indigenous populations, 84 164�165 strengths, 84 bacteria, 164�165 weaknesses, 84 viruses, 164 Execution of confinement, 185�193 Disruption of sexual reproduction, 132� decision making, 185�186 145 eradication or control of escaped organisms, 189 increasing the efficacy of confinement, E 189�193 Early cell division, normal steps in, 134 integrated confinement system, 186� 187 Early evaluation, 181�182 recommendation to consider the need monitoring and detection technology, for bioconfinement early in the 187�189 research, 186 development of a GEO or its products, 182 Experimental information on efficacy, 183� Ecological characteristics, of production 184 recommendation to compare the novel sites, 157�158 Ecological consequences, of large-scale use genotype with its progenitor of bioconfinement, 11�13 before field release, 183�184 recommendation to test confinement Economic factors influencing application and regulation of particular techniques before putting them techniques, 197 into application, 183

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From page 249...

... , 62 evolutionary persistence of transgenes, Festuca arundinacea, 119 47�48 Field release choice, 96�97 genetically engineered organisms, 39 Field-released GEOs, 48�52 how transgenes disperse, 38, 46�47 extinction of wild taxa, 50�51 Gene expression gene flow to other domesticated flower- and fruit-specific, 94�95 organisms, 50�51 roots and tuber-specific, 93�94 weediness or invasiveness, 49�50 Gene flow Field Testing Genetically Modified from genetically engineered Organisms, 160 organisms, 4 First International Symposium on to other domesticated organisms, Sustainable Fish Farming, 23 concerns about, 50�51 Fish, bioconfinement of, 132�153 potential for, 118�120 Fitness handicaps, 91�93, 112 Gene knockout, 150�151 strengths, 92 strengths and weaknesses, 150�151 weaknesses, 92�93 Gene silencing, 103, 111�112 Fitness reduction, 169�176 Gene Tools, 150 1776, 172 Genetic bioconfinement, strategies for fish, phenotypic handicapping, 169�173 147 and regulation of gene expression, "Genetic use restriction technologies" 158 (GURTs) , 26 strengths, 91 Genetically Engineered Food Alert, 24 suicide genes, 173�176 Genetically engineered species, 17 in transgenic crop-wild progeny, 90� Genetically engineered organisms, 1 91 concerns about, 39 weaknesses, 91 current and future, 36�38 Flavr SavrTM tomato, 36 defined, 14�15 Flower- and fruit-specific gene expression, finfish, 39�41 94�95 gene flow from, 4 Food safety issues, 53 insects, 45 Fungi marine microorganisms, 42 bioconfinement of, 169�179 marine plants, 41�42 horizontal genetic transfer into local microbes, 44�45 populations, 168�169 mollusks, 41 invasion into indigenous populations, terrestrial plants, 42�44 161�162 Genetically engineered trees, 98�114 phenotypic handicapping, 172�173 bioconfinement of, 98, 104�106 suicide genes, 174�175

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From page 250...

... gene International aspects, 19, 193�194 expression, 93 recommendation to consider potential GURTs. See "Genetic use restriction effects of a confinement failure technologies" on other nations, 194 recommendation to pursue international cooperation to H adequately manage confinement of GEOs, 194 Horizontal genetic transfer, 38, 165�169 Interspecific hybrids, 69 bacteria, 167�168 strengths, 69 fungi, 168�169 weaknesses, 69 viruses, 166 Invasion biology, recommendation to HR.

Read the entire page →

From page 251...

... , techniques, 197 20, 25 Lolium multiflorum Lam., 119 Nontarget organisms, effects on, 107�108 Nontarget species, effects on, 52 Nontransgenic male sterility, 76�77 M Nontransgenic scions on transgenic rootstock, 83�84 Managing confinement failure, 124�129 strengths, 83 population, community, and weaknesses, 83�84 ecosystem effects, 126�129 Methods of bioconfinement. See Bioconfinement methods O Microalgae, 179 Microbes, 5�6 Office of Management and Budget, 61 Monitoring Oliver, Melvin, 23 difficulty of, 11 Operational considerations, for needs, feasibility, and realities, 178 bioconfinement, 180�198 Monitoring confinement failure, 124�129 Options for bioconfinement of plants, 110� Monitoring technology, 187�189 113 Monsanto, 23, 26, 115 based on technology and gene-specific Mortality of vegetative propagules, 75�76 compounds, 185 strengths, 76 fitness handicaps, 112 weaknesses, 76 gene silencing, 111�112 Mosaic individuals, 140 plastid engineering, 113 sterility, 110�111 tissue-specific expression, 112�113 N triploidy, 111 Organism choice, 96 National Academy of Sciences (NAS)

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From page 252...

... , 75 bioconfinement, 196 Proposed bioconfinement of transgenic to evaluate each GEO separately, 181 Atlantic salmon, 137�139 to identify economic, legal, ethical, Proposed transgenic bioconfinement and social factors influencing methods in plants, 73 application and regulation of Pseudomonas syringae, 22 particular techniques, 197 to incorporate transparency and public participation in R bioconfinement techniques and approaches, 189�190 RAC. See Recombinant DNA Advisory to pursue international cooperation to Committee adequately manage confinement RAFI.

Read the entire page →

From page 253...

... See Sterile insect technique (SIT) weaknesses, 87 Social acceptability of bioconfinement "Repressor" molecules, 147 methods, 25�28 Resistance, delaying the evolution of, 52�53 case study of the technology Reversible transgenic sterility, 72�75 protection system- strengths, 74 "terminator," 25�27 weaknesses, 74�75 consequentialism and public Risk assessment and management, 33 acceptance, 27�28 Risk assessment matrix, 32 Social factors influencing application and Risks, 30�35 regulation of particular associated with gene flow into natural techniques, 197 populations, 106�107 Spatial scales confinement failure with StarLink effectiveness of, 122�123 corn, 34 increases in and the efficacy of systematic risk assessment and confinement, 193 management, 33 "Split registrations," 34 Risks of most concern with trees, 106�110 Stability of transgenic confinement, 102�103 effects on nontarget organisms, 107� StarLink: Impacts on the United States 108 Corn Market and World Trade, instability of transgene expression, 110 35 secondary phenotypic effects of StarLink corn, 23 transgenesis, 108�109 StarLinkTM Situation, The, 35 RNA silencing, 111�112 "Sterile feral" technology, 146 Rockefeller Foundation, 26 Sterile insect technique (SIT)

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From page 254...

... See Genetically engineered trees Triploid sterilization, combining with all T female lines, 142�144 Triploidization, combining with T-GURT. See Trait genetic use restriction interspecific hybrids, 152 technology strengths and weaknesses, 152 Taco Bell brand taco shells, 24 Triploidy, 111 "Tandem constructs," 90 Technology Protection System (TPS)

Read the entire page →

From page 255...

... , 72�75, 84, 87 Vascular-tissue-specific gene expression, 94 Viruses W bioconfinement of, 169�179 displacement of indigenous Weediness, concerns about, 49�50 populations, 164 Wild hybrid, Festuca arundinacea and Lolium multiflorum Lam., 119

Read the entire page →

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Index Pages 245-256

Index
Pages 245-256