Dietary Supplements A Framework for Evaluating Safety (2005) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix C: Plant Family Information
Appendix C: Plant Family Information
Pages 322-355
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From page 322... ...
1998. Natural Toxicants in Feeds, Forages, and Poisonous Plants, 2nd ed.
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Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Poisonous Plants Committee. INFORMATION ON TOXICITY IN SELECTED PLANT FAMILIES The Agavaceae is of primary concern for the species Agave lecheguilla (lechuguilla)
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From page 324... ...
. Some polyacetylenes are acutely toxic, resulting in rapid death due to complete paralysis and respiratory failure.
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From page 325... ...
. Plant species in the Araceae that are toxic contain crystals of calcium oxalate (Cheeke, 1998; Everist, 1981; Keeler et al., 1978)
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From page 326... ...
. The Asteraceae encompass a significant number of genera that contain hepatotoxic unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
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From page 327... ...
It has been estimated that 3 percent of flowering plants worldwide contain some level of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Colegate and Dorling, 1994)
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From page 328... ...
. The toxins have been shown to be structurally related sesquiterpene lactones, especially helenalin and hymenovin (Keeler and Tu, 1983; Keeler et al., 1978)
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From page 329... ...
. The toxic effects are essentially the same as those discussed for the pyrrolizidine alkaloids occurring in genera of the Asteraceae (vide supra)
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From page 330... ...
. The toxic constituents include a
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From page 331... ...
. A large number of Euonymus species occur in the Celastraceae, some of which have been incriminated as poisonous plants.
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. The picrotoxin-like sesquiterpene lactones coriamyrtin and corianin, together with structurally related compounds, have been identified in a number of Coriaria species (Aguirree-Galviz and Templeton, 1990; Kariyone and Okuda, 1955; Reyes et al., 1980; Wei et al., 1998)
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From page 333... ...
The poisonous constituents are grayanotoxins, highly hydroxylated polycyclic diterpenes; the specific grayanotoxins vary with the plant species (Cheeke, 1998; Puschner et al., 2001)
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From page 334... ...
contain structurally similar compounds and have similar effects (Cheeke, 1998)
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From page 335... ...
contains cyanogenic glycosides that can produce lethal amounts of hydrocyanic acid on ingestion (Cheeke, 1998; Kellerman et al., 1988)
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From page 336... ...
, contains structurally similar tetrahydroxy indolizidine and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, known as castanospermines and australines, respectively (Garland and Barr, 1998)
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From page 337... ...
. The genus Crotalaria contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, the most common of which is monocrotaline, similar in structure to those present in the Asteraceae (vide supra)
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. Levels of formononetin in excess of 0.8 percent dry weight have been shown to produce these effects, but levels below 0.3 percent are considered to be safe (Reinli and Block, 1996)
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From page 339... ...
. The same considerations apply as in other plant species that are capable of generating high levels of hydrogen cyanide (e.g., Sorghum species in the family Poaceae)
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From page 340... ...
contains approximately 4 percent bufadienolides, a class of cardiac glycosides; the closely related Scilla species contain similar compounds (Dewick, 2002)
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From page 341... ...
. Other Strychnos species also contain strychnine, brucine, and structurally related alkaloids.
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From page 342... ...
. The plant contains many alkaloids of the terpenoid indole and oxindole types, structural classes that are also found in other Gelsemium species (Burrows and Tyrl, 2001)
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From page 343... ...
Argemone species contain isoquinoline alkaloids of the berberine and sanguinarine (Cheeke, 1998)
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and Juniperus (Cupressaceae) species contain lower levels of the isocupressic and related diterpene acids and may be capable of inducing pregnancy disorders (Garland and Barr, 1998)
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From page 345... ...
Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) and related species produce high levels of cyanogenic glycosides, but the syndrome known as "Bermuda grass tremors" is caused by the presence of the parasitic fungus Balansia epichloe (Bacon, 1995)
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From page 346... ...
. Delphinium species contain over 40 different diterpenoid alkaloids with highly variable compositions and concentrations (Cheeke, 1998)
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From page 347... ...
, the kernels of which contain cyanogenic glycosides, the most representative being amygdalin, a diglucoside (Kingsbury, 1964)
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From page 348... ...
species that have been found to contain relatively low levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The hepatotoxicity of these alkaloids has been discussed in detail under the Asteraceae.
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From page 349... ...
. The Solanaceae includes some of the most valuable food plants used by humans, while at the same time encompassing a large number of toxic plant species.
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. Daphne species, members of the Thymelaeaceae, have been long recognized as poisonous plants.
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From page 351... ...
. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a lignan occurring at up to 10 percent dry weight in the leaves and twigs of the plant, has been demonstrated to be the toxic constituent (Burrows and Tyrl, 2001)
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From page 352... ...
1994. Hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the Mexican medicinal plant Packera candidissima (Asteraceae: Senecioneae)
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From page 353... ...
1978. Effects of Poisonous Plants on Livestock.
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From page 354... ...
1986. Chemistry and Toxicology of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids.
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From page 355... ...
2002. Poisonous Plants Informational Database.
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