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Appendix D: Chaparral: Prototype Monograph Summary
Pages 356-362

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From page 356...
... Also, the development and review of this prototype was conducted by individuals whose backgrounds are in general aspects of evaluating science and whose expertise is not necessarily focused specifically on this dietary ingredient, although significant additional assistance was provided by consultants with relevant expertise. Therefore, this prototype monograph, while extensive, does not represent an authoritative statement regarding the safety of this dietary supplement ingredient.
From page 357...
... One patient required an orthotopic liver transplant, but had major confounding variables, such as hepatitis C and prior drug and ethanol abuse. In all the other cases, liver function tests became significantly abnormal with clinically evident jaundice that reversed upon discontinuation of chaparral use.
From page 358...
... Inadequate characterization of the preparations used by individual patients does not allow determination of possible product contamination during harvesting/processing or natural alterations in composition of chaparral plants due to environmental factors. If typical chaparral preparations contained hepatotoxic principles, it is possible that many more reports of human hepatotoxicity during the period of significant chaparral use (1970­1992)
From page 359...
... In a large number of in vitro studies, NDGA was used at pharmacological doses as a scientific tool to inhibit lipoxygenase in basic research. This lyoxygenase inhibition, at pharmacological doses, while indicating a possible pathway of NDGA action, was not viewed as particularly helpful in assessing the safety of chaparral because the degree to which enzyme inhibition would occur with chaparral consumption was not readily apparent.
From page 360...
... Nephrotoxicity: There are no reports of renal damage following chaparral ingestion in humans or in relevant animal feeding studies. Toxicology studies of NDGA administration in rodents have repeatedly shown nephrotoxicity, including proximal tubular damage and cyst formation.
From page 361...
... This is especially applicable for certain groups, including those with pre-existing hepatic or renal problems, those taking drugs that affect liver function, those with current or prior alcohol abuse, and women of child-bearing age. There is more concern with ingestion of chaparral preparations containing leaves/stems or alcoholic extracts than with the ingestion of aqueous extracts (i.e., teas)
From page 362...
... 1998. The lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, inhibits ovulation and re duces leukotriene and prostaglandin levels in the rat ovary.


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