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From page 307... ... v. Pe�a, 53 scale measures used in surveys, 175� Administrative records 180 indicators of discrimination from, 9�10 sources of observational data, 165� and the reporting on multiple races, 220 175 Adverse impact discrimination, detecting, Audit studies 160�161 accuracy issue, 109 African Americans, 15 combining features of laboratory and Agencies audit studies, 110�112 program, 248�251 limits of, 108�114 research, 251�253 methodology, 104�105 Ambiguity validity issue, 109�114 of prejudice, 60 Auditor heterogeneity, 113�114 of race, 33�34 Automatic discrimination, 58�61 Ambivalent attitudes about race, 60, 183�185 Avenues through which cumulative Anti-Defamation League, 174 discrimination may occur Assessment cumulative disadvantage and racial of racial discrimination causal inference, discrimination, 227�233 77�89 Avoidance, 57 of traffic-violating behaviors, 193�194 307 Read the entire page →
From page 308... ... See Current Population Survey roles of randomization and Criminal justice, 46�47 life-course theory of cumulative manipulation, 83�85 smoking and lung cancer, 86�87 disadvantage, 233�234 study design and statistical methods, 81� Cumulative disadvantage, 68�69 across domains, 224, 229�231 83 weighing evidence from multiple studies, across generations, 223�224 85�88 across processes within a domain, 224 avenues through which cumulative Causation, not prediction, 199�200 Census data, 191�192 discrimination may occur, 227�233 Citizen surveys, 194 broader consequences of a racially biased society, 231�233 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 16, 48, 87 Title VI, 152 concept of cumulative discrimination, Title VII, 50�51, 64, 244�245 225�227 Read the entire page →
From page 309... ... 02-679] , 120 discrimination across processes within a Designs, 92�93, 103 domain, 228�229 experimental, 82�83 effects cumulating across generations Differences-in-differences approach, 149 and through history, 68 Differential outcomes by race, 44�49 effects cumulating through an criminal justice, 46�47 individual's life across different education, 44�45 domains, 68�69 employment and income, 45�46 effects cumulating through an health care and health outcomes, 47�48 individual's life sequentially within housing markets and mortgage lending, any one domain, 69 47 life-course theory of, 233�234 interpreting, 48�49 measuring cumulative discrimination, Direct measurement of discrimination, 163� 238�245 165 models and theories of cumulative Disadvantaged racial groups, 4n, 17, 42 disadvantage, 233�238 Discriminating behavior and racial discrimination, 11�12, 223� effect of psychological mechanisms on 246 measures of, 100�101 Cumulative discrimination, 11�12 Discriminating firms, model of, 134 across generations, 227�228 Discrimination Cumulative effects across domains, 229�231 across generations and through history, across processes within a domain, 228� 68 229 through an individual's life across blacks' perceptions of, 182 different domains, 68�69 classic laboratory experiment on, 96�97 through an individual's life sequentially disparate impact, 51�52 within any one domain, 69 versus disparities, 195�196 within-domain and across-domain, 251� domains operating in, 66�68 253 episodic, 226 Current outcomes estimating from past examples of natural experiments to events, 243�244 study, 149�153 Current Population Survey (CPS) Read the entire page →
From page 310... ... See Equal Employment Opportunity Federal classification standards, 30�33 Commission Federal Executive Order 11246, 48 Effective profiles, 197�200 Federal statistics, racial categories in, 29�33 developing, 197�200 Feedback models of cumulative inadequate data, 198�199 disadvantage, labor market, 237�238 prediction, not causation, 199�200 Field experiments, 7, 103�115 Effectiveness, standards for, 200 audit or paired-testing methodology, Embodied social signification, 26 104�105 Employment and income, 45�46 design, 103 Episodic definitions of discrimination, role housing audits, 106�107 of cumulative disadvantage in, 68�69 key examples, 105�108 Episodic discrimination, 226 limits of audit studies, 108�114 Equal Employment Opportunity Firms Commission (EEOC) , 153 discriminating, 134 Estimating an effect of discrimination, nondiscriminating, 134 inferential target, 109�113 Fisher, R.A., 84 Estimating current outcomes from past events, 243�244 Estimating disparate selection rates G assessment of traffic-violating behaviors, 193�194 Gallup Organization, 182 census data, 191�192 Gender segregation of jobs, 136 General Social Survey (GSS) Read the entire page →
From page 311... ... See General Social Survey 137 Information on the occurrence of discrimination, using identifying, H 244�245 Institute of Medicine, 48 HDS. See Housing Discrimination Study of Institute on Race and Poverty, 190n 2000 Intentional discrimination, 56�58 Health care Internal departmental comparisons, 194 example of a natural experiment to Internal validity, 82 study discrimination, 151�152 Interpersonal relations surveys, 165�173 and health outcomes, 47�48 Interpreting decomposition, 123�125 Health Interview Survey (HIS) Read the entire page →
From page 312... ... 312 INDEX Legal definition of discrimination, 49�53 standards for the collection of race and discrimination law regarding ethnicity data, 208�213 governmental actions, 52�53 Measuring cumulative discrimination, 238� disparate impact discrimination, 51�52 245 disparate treatment discrimination, 50� cumulative disadvantage and racial 51 discrimination, 238�245 Legal standards difficulties measuring cumulative comparison with the four types of discrimination, 239�240 discrimination, 65�66 estimating current outcomes from past current, 226 events, 243�244 Life-course theory of cumulative identifying exposure to discrimination disadvantage, criminal justice, 233� over time, 241�242 234 tabulating outcomes over time, 240�241 Limitations using identifying information on the of audit studies, 108�114 occurrence of discrimination, 244� effect of psychological mechanisms on 245 measures of discriminating behavior, Measuring racial discrimination, 5�11, 94� 100�101 95 of laboratory experiments, 99�102 field experiments, 7 of natural experiments, 153�154 indicators of discrimination from surveys Litigation, statistical analysis for, 119�120 and administrative records, 9�10 Longitudinal data used to draw inferences laboratory experiments, 6 about discrimination, 148�154 racial profiling as an illustrative Lung cancer and smoking, 86�87 example, 10�11 statistical analysis of observational data and natural experiment, 7�9 M Methodological factors, 71�202, 169�170 attitudinal and behavioral indicators of Manipulation, role of, 83�85 discrimination, 9�10, 162�185 Mass killings, 58 causal inference and the assessment of Matching score methods, 146�147 racial discrimination, 77�89 Matrix of race, 37 experimental methods for assessing Measurement of race, 33�37, 189�196 discrimination, 90�117 ambiguity of race, 33�34 illustration of methodological disparities versus discrimination, 195� complexity -- racial profiling, 10�11, 196 186�202 establishing disparate outcomes in improving, 171�172 profiling situations, 189�195 measurement issues, 189�196 of explicit racism, 179�180 profiling in the context of terrorism, inconsistent reporting, 34�36 196�202 of modern racism, 176�179 racial profiling as an illustration of, 10� multiple indicators of racial 11, 186�202 identification, 36�37 statistical analysis of observational data, regarding race, 33�37 7�9, 118�161 self-identification of race, 36 "Mexican," 30 Measurement of race by the U.S. Mexican-American Legal Defense and government, 5�11, 205�222 Educational Fund, 174 government data on race and ethnicity, Minority groups, 4n, 42 213�217 Models of cumulative disadvantage, 233�238 history, 206�208 criminal justice -- life-course theory of issues in the reporting of data on cumulative disadvantage, 233�234 multiple races, 217�221 Read the entire page →
From page 313... ... See U.S. Office of Management and Natural experiments to study Budget discrimination, 148�154 OMB revised standards of 1997 for the education, 152�153 collection of race and ethnicity data, health care, 151�152 212�213 labor market, 149�151 OMB standards of 1977 for the collection limitations of, 153�154 of race and ethnicity data, 208�209 statistical analysis of, 7�9 Omitted variables bias, 8, 137�140 NCES. Read the entire page →
From page 314... ... government surveys, 216 Potential outcomes and counterfactuals, 78� in the United States, 27�29 81 Race and Ethnic Targeted Test, 210, 212 Prediction, not causation, 199�200 Race defined, 2�3, 23, 25�38 Princeton Survey Research Associates, 182 biological definition, 25�26 Priority research topics, 248�250 measurement issues, 33�37 Problems, measuring cumulative race in the United States, 27�29 discrimination, 239�240 social construction of race, 26�27 Problems, measuring discrimination by Race-specific intercepts with regression fitting statistical models to models, 121�123 observational data, 137�141 Racial categories in federal statistics, 29�33 omitted variables bias, 137�140 decennial census, 30 sample selection bias, 140�141 federal classification standards, 30�33 Simpson's paradox, 138�139 in U.S. census, 31 Processes within a domain, cumulative Racial classifications disadvantage and racial objective, 26 discrimination, 224 subjective, 27 Profiling in the context of terrorism, 61�63, Racial differences, statistical decompositions 196�202 of, 121�128 costs and benefits of profiling, 200�201 Racial differentials in compensation, case of data sources on, 189�191 professional athletes, 145 developing effective profiles, 197�200 Racial discrimination, 11�12, 39�42, 223� establishing disparate outcomes in 246 specific situations, 189�195 across domains, 224, 229�231 illustration of methodological across generations, 223�224 complexity, 10�11, 186�202 across processes within a domain, 224, as an illustrative example, 10�11 228�229 trade-offs, 201�202 broader consequences of a racially Program agencies, 248�251 biased society, 231�233 facilitating data access and use, 250�251 cumulative discrimination across priority research topics, 248�250 generations, 227�228 Read the entire page →
From page 315... ... See Cumulative effects Recommendations, 3, 6�7, 9�10, 12, 116� Seuss, Dr., 77�78 117, 160, 181, 222, 246 Simpson's paradox, 137�139 Regression models Smith, Thomas, 162�173 race-specific, 122�123 Smoking and lung cancer, 86�87 with race-specific intercepts, 121�122 Sneetches, The, 77�78 used to decompose racial differences, Social-cognitive approach, 26 124 Social construction of race, 26�27 Reporting biases, 170�171 Social Security Act of 1935, 152 Reporting of data on multiple races, 217� Social signification embodied, 26 221 Solutions to problems of using statistical administrative data, 220 models to infer discrimination, 141� population controls, 220�221 154 publication and release of data, 218 matching and propensity score methods, publication of multiracial survey data, 146�147 219 natural experiments, 148�154 rules for combining multiracial data for panel data methods, 147�148 civil rights cases, 218 racial differentials in compensation- time-series data, 220 case of professional athletes, 145 Research agencies, 251�253 use of longitudinal data to draw panel data, 251�253 inferences about discrimination, 148� within-domain and across-domain 154 cumulative effects studies, 251�253 using an indicator of productivity to Research on race and ethnicity address the omitted variables cumulative disadvantage and racial problem, 142�145 discrimination, 11�12, 223�246 Sources of observational data, 165�175 by federal statistical agencies, 209�212 Standards for effectiveness, 200 measurement of race by the U.S. Standards for Maintaining, Collecting and government, 5�11, 205�222 Presenting Federal Data on Race and next steps, 12�13, 247�253 Ethnicity, 212 priority topics, 248�250 Standards for the collection of race and program agencies, 248�251 ethnicity data, 208�213 statistical analysis for, 119�120 OMB revised standards of 1997, 212� See also Data collection and research 213 Residual "effects" as racial discrimination, OMB standards of 1977, 208�209 128 research by federal statistical agencies on Roper Center, 168 race and ethnicity, 209�212 Rules for combining multiracial data for See also Legal standards civil rights cases, 218 Statistical analysis of observational data, 7�9 Read the entire page →
From page 316... ... , 214, 215 differences, 121�128 race and Hispanic origin population in decomposition and residual "effects" as the United States in 2000, 213 racial discrimination, 128 Tabulating outcomes interpreting the decomposition, 123�125 over time, 240�241 over time, 126�127 Targets race-specific regression models, 122�123 inferential, 109�113 regression models with race-specific Teacher's College Record, 19 intercepts, 121�122 Terrorism statistical decompositions over time, costs and benefits of profiling, 200�201 126�127 developing effective profiles, 197�200 two pitfalls in statistical decomposition, profiling in the context of, 196�202 125�128 trade-offs, 201�202 use of regression models to decompose Theories of cumulative disadvantage, 233� racial differences, 124 238 Statistical Directive Number 15, 208 criminal justice -- life-course theory of Statistical discrimination, 61�63 cumulative disadvantage, 233�234 Statistical methods, 81�83 labor market -- feedback models, 237� Statistical models, developing, 129�130 238 Structural discrimination, 63 public health -- ecosocial theory, 234� Study design and statistical methods, 81�83 236 experimental designs, 82�83 Theories of discrimination, 55�70 observational studies, 83 comparison of legal standards with the Subtle discrimination, 58�61 four types of discrimination, 65�66 Survey limitations, 169�171 domains in which discrimination methodological factors, 169�170 operates, 66�68 reporting biases, 170�171 moving from episodic to dynamic Survey measures, means of improving, 171� definitions of discrimination -- role of 173 cumulative disadvantage, 68�69 Surveys types of discrimination, 56�65 citizen, 194 Time-series data and the reporting on indicators of discrimination from, 9�10 multiple races, 220 key examples of, 166�168 Trade-offs in profiling, 201�202 Surveys of interpersonal relations and racial Traffic-violating behaviors assessment, 193� discrimination, 165�173 194 design and strengths, 165�166 Translating experimental effects, 102 experiments in, 168 Transmission imperfect relationship of attitudes to of cumulative discrimination, 226 behaviors, 168�169 Types of discrimination, 56�65 key examples of surveys, 166�168 comparison of legal standards with, 65� means of improving survey measures, 66 171�173 survey limitations, 169�171 Read the entire page →
From page 317... ... , 30�32, 36, 206, 208�209, Within-domain cumulative effects studies, 212, 218�219, 220�221 251�253 U.S. Supreme Court, 51, 53, 64, 120 Workshop on Measuring Racial Disparities, 21 V Validity issues, 109�114 auditor heterogeneity, 113�114 external, 82 Read the entire page →

From page 307...

... v. Pe�a, 53 scale measures used in surveys, 175� Administrative records 180 indicators of discrimination from, 9�10 sources of observational data, 165� and the reporting on multiple races, 220 175 Adverse impact discrimination, detecting, Audit studies 160�161 accuracy issue, 109 African Americans, 15 combining features of laboratory and Agencies audit studies, 110�112 program, 248�251 limits of, 108�114 research, 251�253 methodology, 104�105 Ambiguity validity issue, 109�114 of prejudice, 60 Auditor heterogeneity, 113�114 of race, 33�34 Automatic discrimination, 58�61 Ambivalent attitudes about race, 60, 183�185 Avenues through which cumulative Anti-Defamation League, 174 discrimination may occur Assessment cumulative disadvantage and racial of racial discrimination causal inference, discrimination, 227�233 77�89 Avoidance, 57 of traffic-violating behaviors, 193�194 307

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From page 308...

... See Current Population Survey roles of randomization and Criminal justice, 46�47 life-course theory of cumulative manipulation, 83�85 smoking and lung cancer, 86�87 disadvantage, 233�234 study design and statistical methods, 81� Cumulative disadvantage, 68�69 across domains, 224, 229�231 83 weighing evidence from multiple studies, across generations, 223�224 85�88 across processes within a domain, 224 avenues through which cumulative Causation, not prediction, 199�200 Census data, 191�192 discrimination may occur, 227�233 Citizen surveys, 194 broader consequences of a racially biased society, 231�233 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 16, 48, 87 Title VI, 152 concept of cumulative discrimination, Title VII, 50�51, 64, 244�245 225�227

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From page 309...

... 02-679] , 120 discrimination across processes within a Designs, 92�93, 103 domain, 228�229 experimental, 82�83 effects cumulating across generations Differences-in-differences approach, 149 and through history, 68 Differential outcomes by race, 44�49 effects cumulating through an criminal justice, 46�47 individual's life across different education, 44�45 domains, 68�69 employment and income, 45�46 effects cumulating through an health care and health outcomes, 47�48 individual's life sequentially within housing markets and mortgage lending, any one domain, 69 47 life-course theory of, 233�234 interpreting, 48�49 measuring cumulative discrimination, Direct measurement of discrimination, 163� 238�245 165 models and theories of cumulative Disadvantaged racial groups, 4n, 17, 42 disadvantage, 233�238 Discriminating behavior and racial discrimination, 11�12, 223� effect of psychological mechanisms on 246 measures of, 100�101 Cumulative discrimination, 11�12 Discriminating firms, model of, 134 across generations, 227�228 Discrimination Cumulative effects across domains, 229�231 across generations and through history, across processes within a domain, 228� 68 229 through an individual's life across blacks' perceptions of, 182 different domains, 68�69 classic laboratory experiment on, 96�97 through an individual's life sequentially disparate impact, 51�52 within any one domain, 69 versus disparities, 195�196 within-domain and across-domain, 251� domains operating in, 66�68 253 episodic, 226 Current outcomes estimating from past examples of natural experiments to events, 243�244 study, 149�153 Current Population Survey (CPS)

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From page 310...

... See Equal Employment Opportunity Federal classification standards, 30�33 Commission Federal Executive Order 11246, 48 Effective profiles, 197�200 Federal statistics, racial categories in, 29�33 developing, 197�200 Feedback models of cumulative inadequate data, 198�199 disadvantage, labor market, 237�238 prediction, not causation, 199�200 Field experiments, 7, 103�115 Effectiveness, standards for, 200 audit or paired-testing methodology, Embodied social signification, 26 104�105 Employment and income, 45�46 design, 103 Episodic definitions of discrimination, role housing audits, 106�107 of cumulative disadvantage in, 68�69 key examples, 105�108 Episodic discrimination, 226 limits of audit studies, 108�114 Equal Employment Opportunity Firms Commission (EEOC) , 153 discriminating, 134 Estimating an effect of discrimination, nondiscriminating, 134 inferential target, 109�113 Fisher, R.A., 84 Estimating current outcomes from past events, 243�244 Estimating disparate selection rates G assessment of traffic-violating behaviors, 193�194 Gallup Organization, 182 census data, 191�192 Gender segregation of jobs, 136 General Social Survey (GSS)

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From page 311...

... See General Social Survey 137 Information on the occurrence of discrimination, using identifying, H 244�245 Institute of Medicine, 48 HDS. See Housing Discrimination Study of Institute on Race and Poverty, 190n 2000 Intentional discrimination, 56�58 Health care Internal departmental comparisons, 194 example of a natural experiment to Internal validity, 82 study discrimination, 151�152 Interpersonal relations surveys, 165�173 and health outcomes, 47�48 Interpreting decomposition, 123�125 Health Interview Survey (HIS)

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From page 312...

... 312 INDEX Legal definition of discrimination, 49�53 standards for the collection of race and discrimination law regarding ethnicity data, 208�213 governmental actions, 52�53 Measuring cumulative discrimination, 238� disparate impact discrimination, 51�52 245 disparate treatment discrimination, 50� cumulative disadvantage and racial 51 discrimination, 238�245 Legal standards difficulties measuring cumulative comparison with the four types of discrimination, 239�240 discrimination, 65�66 estimating current outcomes from past current, 226 events, 243�244 Life-course theory of cumulative identifying exposure to discrimination disadvantage, criminal justice, 233� over time, 241�242 234 tabulating outcomes over time, 240�241 Limitations using identifying information on the of audit studies, 108�114 occurrence of discrimination, 244� effect of psychological mechanisms on 245 measures of discriminating behavior, Measuring racial discrimination, 5�11, 94� 100�101 95 of laboratory experiments, 99�102 field experiments, 7 of natural experiments, 153�154 indicators of discrimination from surveys Litigation, statistical analysis for, 119�120 and administrative records, 9�10 Longitudinal data used to draw inferences laboratory experiments, 6 about discrimination, 148�154 racial profiling as an illustrative Lung cancer and smoking, 86�87 example, 10�11 statistical analysis of observational data and natural experiment, 7�9 M Methodological factors, 71�202, 169�170 attitudinal and behavioral indicators of Manipulation, role of, 83�85 discrimination, 9�10, 162�185 Mass killings, 58 causal inference and the assessment of Matching score methods, 146�147 racial discrimination, 77�89 Matrix of race, 37 experimental methods for assessing Measurement of race, 33�37, 189�196 discrimination, 90�117 ambiguity of race, 33�34 illustration of methodological disparities versus discrimination, 195� complexity -- racial profiling, 10�11, 196 186�202 establishing disparate outcomes in improving, 171�172 profiling situations, 189�195 measurement issues, 189�196 of explicit racism, 179�180 profiling in the context of terrorism, inconsistent reporting, 34�36 196�202 of modern racism, 176�179 racial profiling as an illustration of, 10� multiple indicators of racial 11, 186�202 identification, 36�37 statistical analysis of observational data, regarding race, 33�37 7�9, 118�161 self-identification of race, 36 "Mexican," 30 Measurement of race by the U.S. Mexican-American Legal Defense and government, 5�11, 205�222 Educational Fund, 174 government data on race and ethnicity, Minority groups, 4n, 42 213�217 Models of cumulative disadvantage, 233�238 history, 206�208 criminal justice -- life-course theory of issues in the reporting of data on cumulative disadvantage, 233�234 multiple races, 217�221

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From page 313...

... See U.S. Office of Management and Natural experiments to study Budget discrimination, 148�154 OMB revised standards of 1997 for the education, 152�153 collection of race and ethnicity data, health care, 151�152 212�213 labor market, 149�151 OMB standards of 1977 for the collection limitations of, 153�154 of race and ethnicity data, 208�209 statistical analysis of, 7�9 Omitted variables bias, 8, 137�140 NCES.

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From page 314...

... government surveys, 216 Potential outcomes and counterfactuals, 78� in the United States, 27�29 81 Race and Ethnic Targeted Test, 210, 212 Prediction, not causation, 199�200 Race defined, 2�3, 23, 25�38 Princeton Survey Research Associates, 182 biological definition, 25�26 Priority research topics, 248�250 measurement issues, 33�37 Problems, measuring cumulative race in the United States, 27�29 discrimination, 239�240 social construction of race, 26�27 Problems, measuring discrimination by Race-specific intercepts with regression fitting statistical models to models, 121�123 observational data, 137�141 Racial categories in federal statistics, 29�33 omitted variables bias, 137�140 decennial census, 30 sample selection bias, 140�141 federal classification standards, 30�33 Simpson's paradox, 138�139 in U.S. census, 31 Processes within a domain, cumulative Racial classifications disadvantage and racial objective, 26 discrimination, 224 subjective, 27 Profiling in the context of terrorism, 61�63, Racial differences, statistical decompositions 196�202 of, 121�128 costs and benefits of profiling, 200�201 Racial differentials in compensation, case of data sources on, 189�191 professional athletes, 145 developing effective profiles, 197�200 Racial discrimination, 11�12, 39�42, 223� establishing disparate outcomes in 246 specific situations, 189�195 across domains, 224, 229�231 illustration of methodological across generations, 223�224 complexity, 10�11, 186�202 across processes within a domain, 224, as an illustrative example, 10�11 228�229 trade-offs, 201�202 broader consequences of a racially Program agencies, 248�251 biased society, 231�233 facilitating data access and use, 250�251 cumulative discrimination across priority research topics, 248�250 generations, 227�228

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From page 315...

... See Cumulative effects Recommendations, 3, 6�7, 9�10, 12, 116� Seuss, Dr., 77�78 117, 160, 181, 222, 246 Simpson's paradox, 137�139 Regression models Smith, Thomas, 162�173 race-specific, 122�123 Smoking and lung cancer, 86�87 with race-specific intercepts, 121�122 Sneetches, The, 77�78 used to decompose racial differences, Social-cognitive approach, 26 124 Social construction of race, 26�27 Reporting biases, 170�171 Social Security Act of 1935, 152 Reporting of data on multiple races, 217� Social signification embodied, 26 221 Solutions to problems of using statistical administrative data, 220 models to infer discrimination, 141� population controls, 220�221 154 publication and release of data, 218 matching and propensity score methods, publication of multiracial survey data, 146�147 219 natural experiments, 148�154 rules for combining multiracial data for panel data methods, 147�148 civil rights cases, 218 racial differentials in compensation- time-series data, 220 case of professional athletes, 145 Research agencies, 251�253 use of longitudinal data to draw panel data, 251�253 inferences about discrimination, 148� within-domain and across-domain 154 cumulative effects studies, 251�253 using an indicator of productivity to Research on race and ethnicity address the omitted variables cumulative disadvantage and racial problem, 142�145 discrimination, 11�12, 223�246 Sources of observational data, 165�175 by federal statistical agencies, 209�212 Standards for effectiveness, 200 measurement of race by the U.S. Standards for Maintaining, Collecting and government, 5�11, 205�222 Presenting Federal Data on Race and next steps, 12�13, 247�253 Ethnicity, 212 priority topics, 248�250 Standards for the collection of race and program agencies, 248�251 ethnicity data, 208�213 statistical analysis for, 119�120 OMB revised standards of 1997, 212� See also Data collection and research 213 Residual "effects" as racial discrimination, OMB standards of 1977, 208�209 128 research by federal statistical agencies on Roper Center, 168 race and ethnicity, 209�212 Rules for combining multiracial data for See also Legal standards civil rights cases, 218 Statistical analysis of observational data, 7�9

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From page 316...

... , 214, 215 differences, 121�128 race and Hispanic origin population in decomposition and residual "effects" as the United States in 2000, 213 racial discrimination, 128 Tabulating outcomes interpreting the decomposition, 123�125 over time, 240�241 over time, 126�127 Targets race-specific regression models, 122�123 inferential, 109�113 regression models with race-specific Teacher's College Record, 19 intercepts, 121�122 Terrorism statistical decompositions over time, costs and benefits of profiling, 200�201 126�127 developing effective profiles, 197�200 two pitfalls in statistical decomposition, profiling in the context of, 196�202 125�128 trade-offs, 201�202 use of regression models to decompose Theories of cumulative disadvantage, 233� racial differences, 124 238 Statistical Directive Number 15, 208 criminal justice -- life-course theory of Statistical discrimination, 61�63 cumulative disadvantage, 233�234 Statistical methods, 81�83 labor market -- feedback models, 237� Statistical models, developing, 129�130 238 Structural discrimination, 63 public health -- ecosocial theory, 234� Study design and statistical methods, 81�83 236 experimental designs, 82�83 Theories of discrimination, 55�70 observational studies, 83 comparison of legal standards with the Subtle discrimination, 58�61 four types of discrimination, 65�66 Survey limitations, 169�171 domains in which discrimination methodological factors, 169�170 operates, 66�68 reporting biases, 170�171 moving from episodic to dynamic Survey measures, means of improving, 171� definitions of discrimination -- role of 173 cumulative disadvantage, 68�69 Surveys types of discrimination, 56�65 citizen, 194 Time-series data and the reporting on indicators of discrimination from, 9�10 multiple races, 220 key examples of, 166�168 Trade-offs in profiling, 201�202 Surveys of interpersonal relations and racial Traffic-violating behaviors assessment, 193� discrimination, 165�173 194 design and strengths, 165�166 Translating experimental effects, 102 experiments in, 168 Transmission imperfect relationship of attitudes to of cumulative discrimination, 226 behaviors, 168�169 Types of discrimination, 56�65 key examples of surveys, 166�168 comparison of legal standards with, 65� means of improving survey measures, 66 171�173 survey limitations, 169�171

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From page 317...

... , 30�32, 36, 206, 208�209, Within-domain cumulative effects studies, 212, 218�219, 220�221 251�253 U.S. Supreme Court, 51, 53, 64, 120 Workshop on Measuring Racial Disparities, 21 V Validity issues, 109�114 auditor heterogeneity, 113�114 external, 82

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Index Pages 307-318

Index
Pages 307-318